關於愛，我是個小學生。

Chapter 4 Formation Of Contracts-Consideration
Topic 1. The Requirement Of Consideration
§71. Requirement Of Exchange; Types Of Exchange
(1) To constitute consideration, a performance or a return promise
must be bargained for.
(2) A performance or return promise is bargained for if it is sought
by the promisor in exchange for his promise and is given by the
promisee in exchange for that promise.
(3) The performance may consist of
(a) an act other than a promise
(b) a forbearance
(c) the creation, modification, or destruction of a legal relation.
(4) The performance or return promise may be given to the promisor
or to some other person. It may be given by the promisee or by
some other person.
第四章 契約之形成－約因
第一節 約因之要件
第71條交換之要件、類型
(1) 為構成對價，履行或回復之允諾應相互
一致。
(2) 履行或回復之允諾在相對人用以與約
定人之約定交換完成時為相互一致。
(3) 履行得包含
(a) 動作而非允諾之意思表示，或
(b) 權利不行使，或
(c) 法律關係之得喪變更。
(4) 履行或回復之允諾得對約定人或他人
為之，亦得由相對人或他人而為之。

§72. Exchange Of Promise For Performance
Except as stated in §§ 73 and 74, any performance which is
bargained for is consideration.
第72條為履行所為之意思表示其之交
換
除第73條及第74條另有規定外，任何被用
以交易之履行即係約因。

§73. Performance Of Legal Duty
Performance of a legal duty owed to a promisor which is neither
doubtful nor the subject of honest dispute is not consideration; but a
similar performance is consideration if it differs from what was
required by the duty in a way which reflects more than a pretense of
bargain.
第73條法定義務之履行
對於一法定義務卻被約定人所負承者，予
以履行，而該義務既無可疑性又非真正爭
議之所在，則該履行非為約因；但類似之
履行，若與顯非偽稱之交易所生之義務履
行，稍有所不同外，則係約因。

§74. Settlement Of Claims
(1) Forbearance to assert or the surrender of a claim or defense
which proves to be invalid is not consideration unless
(a) the claim or defense is in fact doubtful because of uncertainty
as to the facts or the law
(b) the forbearing or surrendering party believes that the claim or
defense may be fairly determined to be valid.
(2) The execution of a written instrument surrendering a claim or
defense by one who is under no duty to execute it is
consideration if the execution of the written instrument is
bargained for even though he is not asserting the claim or
defense and believes that no valid claim or defense exists.
第74條求償之清償
(1) 延期清償之允准或對於經證明無效之
主張或抗辯之放棄，並非對價，但下列
情形不在此限：
(a) 該主張或抗辯實際上因事實或法
律方面之不確定而有可疑者。
(b) 准予延期清償或放棄主張或抗辯
之當事人相信該主張或抗辯得被
認定為有效者。
(2) 無執行義務之人以書面放棄求償主張
或抗辯之執行，若該書面之執行已有交
易之合致，縱其未主張求償或抗辯，且
相信並無有效之求償或抗辯存在者，仍
有約因。

§75. Exchange Of Promise For Promise
Except as stated in §§ 76 and 77, a promise which is bargained for is
consideration if, but only if, the promised performance would be
consideration.
第75條一約定對另一約定之交換
除第76條及第77條另有規定外，惟僅在已
允諾之履行行為係屬約因的情況下，與其
交易之約定，方屬約因。

§76. Conditional Promise
(1) A conditional promise is not consideration if the promisor knows
at the time of making the promise that the condition cannot
occur.
(2) A promise conditional on a performance by the promisor is a
promise of alternative performances within § 77 unless
occurrence of the condition is also promised.
第76條附條件之意思表示
(1) 約定人於為意思表示時若知條件不能
成就者，該附條件之意思表示為無對價
關係。
(2) 以約定人之履行為條件之意思表示，係
第77條所定選擇性履行之意思表示，但
條件之成就同時約定者，不在此限。

§77. Illusory And Alternative Promises
A promise or apparent promise is not consideration if by its terms
the promisor or purported promisor reserves a choice of alternative
performances unless
(a) each of the alternative performances would have been
consideration if it alone had been bargained for; or
(b) one of the alternative performances would have been
consideration and there is or appears to the parties to be a
substantial possibility that before the promisor exercises his
choice events may eliminate the alternatives which would not
have been consideration.
第77條虛幻及選擇性的意思表示
約定人對意思表示之內容保留選擇性履行
之選擇權者，該意思表示無對價，但下列
情形不在此限：
(a) 每一選擇性履行若其係單獨被達成交
易者，得有對價；或
(b) 選擇性履行之一將有對價，且對當事
人而言有或似有實質可能性，亦即在
約定人行使其選擇權之前，得除去那
些非對價之情形之可能。

§78. Voidable And Unenforceable Promises
The fact that a rule of law renders a promise voidable or
unenforceable does not prevent it from being consideration.
第78條得撤銷及不可執行之意思表示
依法律規定而使約定得撤銷或不可執行之
事實，仍不阻卻其具約因性。

§79. Adequacy Of Consideration; Mutuality Of Obligation
If the requirement of consideration is met, there is no additional
requirement of
(a) a gain, advantage, or benefit to the promisor or a loss,
disadvantage, or detriment to the promise
(b) equivalence in the values exchanged
(c) ‘mutuality of obligation.’
第79條約因之適當性；義務之相關性
若符合約因之要件，則別無下列其他之要件：
(a) 約定人之收獲、便利、利益或其相對
人之損失、不利、受害；或
(b) 交換約因之相等性；或
(c) ‘義務相關性’。

§ 80. Multiple Exchanges
(1) There is consideration for a set of promises if what is bargained
for and given in exchange would have been consideration for
each promise in the set if exchanged for that promise alone.
(2) The fact that part of what is bargained for would not have been
consideration if that part alone had been bargained for does not
prevent the whole from being consideration.
第80條多重之交換
(1) 對一組約定中的每一單獨約定而言，若
與之交易及交換之相對履行，均是其約
因，則該組約定亦有其約因。
(2) 若相對履行僅有一部分單獨達成交易
而該部分並非約因，之此一事實，並不
阻卻全部相對交易之得具約因。

§ 81. Consideration As Motive Or Inducing Cause
(1) The fact that what is bargained for does not of itself induce the
making of a promise does not prevent it from being consideration
for the promise.
(2) The fact that a promise does not of itself induce a performance or
return promise does not prevent the performance or return
promise from being consideration for the promise.
第81條作為動機或誘導原因之約因
(1) 被用之以交易者而其本身並不誘導約
定之作成者，並不影響它之為該約定之約因。
(2) 約定，其本身並不誘導履行或相對約定
者，並不影響該履行或該相對約定之為
本身之約因。

Topic 2. Contracts Without Consideration
§82. Promise To Pay Indebtedness; Effect On The Statute
Of Limitations
(1) A promise to pay all or part of an antecedent contractual or
quasi-contractual indebtedness owed by the promisor is binding
if the indebtedness is still enforceable or would be except for the
effect of a statute of limitations.
(2) The following facts operate as such a promise unless other facts
indicate a different intention
(a) A voluntary acknowledgment to the obligee, admitting the
present existence of the antecedent indebtedness
(b) A voluntary transfer of money, a negotiable instrument, or
other thing by the obligor to the obligee, made as interest on
or part payment of or collateral security for the antecedent
indebtedness
(c) A statement to the obligee that the statute of limitations will
not be pleaded as a defense.
第二節無約因之契約
第82條清償債務之約定；消滅時效之
效果
(1) 如債務仍具拘束力或如非因消滅時效
之效果將具拘束力時，一就約定人之前
契或準前契約債務之全部或一部清償
之約定有拘束力。
(2) 除其他事實表明不同意思外，下列事實
理同前項所規定之約定：
(a) 對債權人所為承認前債務理應存在
之主動認諾；或
(b) 由債務人向債權人為金錢，流通票
據，或其他物品之主動移轉，以作為
前債務之利息，一部給付或質押擔保。
(c) 向債權人為不以消滅時效作為抗辯
之一陳述。

§83. Promise To Pay Indebtedness Discharged In
Bankruptcy
An express promise to pay all or part of an indebtedness of the
promisor, discharged or dischargeable in bankruptcy proceedings
begun before the promise is made, is binding.
第83條就破產所被免除債務之約定償還
約定人就破產程序開始後本身所被免除或
得被免除之債務的全部或一部，仍以明示
之允諾，約定給付者，有其拘束力。
§84. Promise To Perform A Duty In Spite Of
Non–Occurrence Of A Condition
(1) Except as stated in Subsection (2), a promise to perform all or
part of a conditional duty under an antecedent contract in spite of
the non-occurrence of the condition is binding, whether the
promise is made before or after the time for the condition to
occur, unless
(a) occurrence of the condition was a material part of the
agreed exchange for the performance of the duty and the
promisee was under no duty that it occur
(b) uncertainty of the occurrence of the condition was an
element of the risk assumed by the promisor.
(2) If such a promise is made before the time for the occurrence of
the condition has expired and the condition is within the control
of the promisee or a beneficiary, the promisor can make his duty
again subject to the condition by notifying the promisee or
beneficiary of his intention to do so if
(a) the notification is received while there is still a reasonable
time to cause the condition to occur under the antecedent
terms or an extension given by the promisor
(b) reinstatement of the requirement of the condition is not
unjust because of a material change of position by the
promisee or beneficiary
(c) the promise is not binding apart from the rule stated in
Subsection (1).
第84條縱使條件不成就仍履行義務之約定
(1) 除第(2)項另有規定外，在先前契約縱條
件不成就之情形下，仍履行全部或一部
附條件義務之約定仍有拘束力，不論該
意思表示係在條件成就之前或之後所
為，但下列情形除外：
(a) 條件之成就係約定交換義務履行
之重要部分，且相對人對條件之成
就不負義務，或
(b) 條件成就之不確定係表意人負擔
危險之一要素。
(2) 若上開約定係在條件成就之前所為，且
該條件係在相對人或受益人之控制
下，表意人，藉將其意圖所為通知相對
人或受益人，俾能依條件而再盡其義
務，若
(a) 在約定人所給之先前條款或延伸
之下，通知係在引起條件成就之相
當期間收受，及
(b) 條件要件之恢復並非不當，因相對
人或受益人所為之重大地位變更，及
(c) 約定人非因第(1)項之規定而不受拘束。

§ 85. Promise To Perform A Voidable Duty
Except as stated in § 93, a promise to perform all or part of an
antecedent contract of the promisor, previously voidable by him, but
not avoided prior to the making of the promise, is binding.
第85條履行一得撤銷(效力未定)義務之約定
除第93條另有規定外，一履行約定人得撤
銷而於約定作成前未撤銷之前契約全部或
一部之約定，有其拘束力。

§ 86. Promise For Benefit Received
(1) A promise made in recognition of a benefit previously received
by the promisor from the promisee is binding to the extent
necessary to prevent injustice.
(2) A promise is not binding under Subsection (1)
(a) if the promisee conferred the benefit as a gift or for other
reasons the promisor has not been unjustly enriched; or
(b) to the extent that its value is disproportionate to the benefit.
第86條就曾受領利益之約定
(1) 一為承認約定人曾自受約定人受領利
益而作成之約定於防止不公平之必要
限度內有其拘束力。
(2) 有下列情形之一時，一約定不具第(1)
項所規定之拘束力。
(a) 如受約定人視該利益為贈與或其
他理由而給予，約定人未曾不當得
利時；或
(b) 約定之價值與該利益達到不成比
例之程度時。

§ 87. Option Contract
(1) An offer is binding as an option contract if it
(a) is in writing and signed by the offeror, recites a purported
consideration for the making of the offer, and proposes an
exchange on fair terms within a reasonable time
(b) is made irrevocable by statute.
(2) An offer which the offeror should reasonably expect to induce
action or forbearance of a substantial character on the part of the
offeree before acceptance and which does induce such action or
forbearance is binding as an option contract to the extent
necessary to avoid injustice.
第87條選擇權契約
(1) 一要約如有下列情形之一時有選擇權
契約之拘束力。
(a) 該要約係書面且經要約人簽名，並
引述一為作成該要約而擬定之約
因，且建議於一合理期間內以公平
之條件為一交換者；或
(b) 該要約依制定法為不可撤回者。
(2) 要約人合理期待其之要約在受要約人
承諾前應會誘引受要約人為實質性之
作為或不作為，且實際會引致此等作為
或不作為者，其之要約於避免不公平之
必要限度內具有一選擇權契約之拘束力。

§ 88. Guaranty
A promise to be surety for the performance of a contractual
obligation, made to the obligee, is binding if
(a) the promise is in writing and signed by the promisor and
recites a purported consideration
(b) the promise is made binding by statute
(c) the promisor should reasonably expect the promise to induce
action or forbearance of a substantial character on the part of
the promisee or a third person, and the promise does induce
such action or forbearance.
第88條保證
有下列情形之一時就契約債務之履行而向
債權人所為之保證約定，有其拘束力。
(a) 該約定係書面且由約定人簽名並引述
一擬定之約因；或
(b) 該約定依制定法之規定而有拘束力；
或
(c) 約定人合理預期該約定應會誘引受約
定人或第三人為實質性之作為或不作
為且該約定實際上誘引該等作為或不
作為。

§ 89. Modification Of Executory Contract
A promise modifying a duty under a contract not fully performed on
either side is binding
(a) if the modification is fair and equitable in view of
circumstances not anticipated by the parties when the contract
was made
(b) to the extent provided by statute
(c) to the extent that justice requires enforcement in view of
material change of position in reliance on the promise.
第89條待執行契約之修改
有下列情形之一時，一約定其修改契約任
一方當事人之未完全履行之契約義務者，
具有拘束力。
(a) 如該修改依據當事人於契約作成
時，未預期之情況判斷係公平且衡平
者；或
(b) 在制定法規定限度內；或
(c) 鑑於信賴該約定所致之地位重大改
變而基於公平須予以執行者。

§90. Promise Reasonably Inducing Action Or Forbearance
(1) A promise which the promisor should reasonably expect to
induce action or forbearance on the part of the promisee or a
third person and which does induce such action or forbearance is
binding if injustice can be avoided only by enforcement of the
promise. The remedy granted for breach may be limited as
justice requires.
(2) A charitable subscription or a marriage settlement is binding
under Subsection (1) without proof that the promise induced
action or forbearance.
第90條合理引致作為或不作為之約定
(1) 約定人合理期待其之約定應會誘引相
對人或第三人作為或不作為，且實際會
引致此等作為或不作為者，其之約定於
非予以執行不足以避免不公平之情況
下有其拘束力。因違約而付與之賠償得
限於公平之所需。
(2) 縱於本條第(1)項規定下，若無證據以證
慈善性之捐款或婚姻上之和解等之約
定曾引致作為或不作為，此等約定仍有其拘束力。

§91.Effect Of Promises Enumerated In §§ 82–90 When
Conditional
If a promise within the terms of §§ 82-90 is in terms conditional or
performable at a future time the promisor is bound thereby, but
performance becomes due only upon the occurrence of the condition
or upon the arrival of the specified time.
第91條第82條至第90條所規定之約
定，附有條件時之效果
如第82條至第90條所規定之約定，附有條
件或可於將來履行之條款時，約定人受其
拘束，但該約定僅於條件成就或期限屆至
時始屆履行期。

§92.To Whom Promises Enumerated In §§ 82-85 Must Be
Made
The new promise referred to in §§ 82-85 is not binding unless it is
made to a person who is then an obligee of the antecedent duty.
第92條第82條至第85條所規定之約定
之收受對象
除其係對前義務之債權人為之者外，第82
條至第85條所規定之新約定無其拘束力。

§93. Promises Enumerated In §§ 82–85 Made In Ignorance
Of Facts
A promise within the terms of §§ 82-85 is not binding unless the
promisor knew or had reason to know the essential facts of the
previous transaction to which the promise relates, but his knowledge
of the legal effect of the facts is immaterial.
第93條不知事實而為第82條至第85條
所列舉之約定。
除約定人知或有理由得知與其約定有關之
前交易之重要事實外，第82條至第85條所
規定之約定無其拘束力，但該約定人就該
事實之法律效果之知悉並非重要。

§ 94. Stipulations
A promise or agreement with reference to a pending judicial
proceeding, made by a party to the proceeding or his attorney, is
binding without consideration. By statute or rule of court such an
agreement is generally binding only
(a) if it is in writing and signed by the party or attorney
(b) if it is made or admitted in the presence of the court
(c) to the extent that justice requires enforcement in view of
material change of position in reliance on the promise or
agreement.
第94條法規規定
一由訴訟程序中之當事人或其訴訟代理人
所為關於正進行之司法程序中之約定或協
議，並無約因但有拘束力，依制定法或法
庭之規則，此種協議僅於下列情形時有拘
束力。
(a) 如其以書面作成且由當事人或訴訟
代理人簽名；或
(b) 如其係於法院當庭所為或承諾者；或
(c) 鑑於信賴該約定或協議所致之地位
之重大改變，而基於公平必須予以執
行者。

Topic 3. Contracts Under Seal; Writing As A Statutory
Substitute For The Seal
§95. Requirements For Sealed Contract Or Written
Contract Or Instrument
(1) In the absence of statute a promise is binding without
consideration if
(a) it is in writing and sealed; and
(b) the document containing the promise is delivered
(c) the promisor and promisee are named in the document or so
described as to be capable of identification when it is
(2) When a statute provides in effect that a written contract or
instrument is binding without consideration or that lack of
consideration is an affirmative defense to an action on a written
contract or instrument, in order to be subject to the statute a
promise must either
(a) be expressed in a document signed or otherwise assented to
by the promisor and delivered
(b) be expressed in a writing or writings to which both
promisor and promisee manifest assent.
第三節蓋印契約；用以為蓋印之法律
上替代物的文書
第95條蓋印契約，書面契約或文件之
要件
(1) 制定法無規定時，一約定於下列情形無
須約因即有拘束力：
(a) 其為書面且經蓋印；且
(b) 記載該約定之文件已交付；且
(c) 約定人及受約定人之名稱記載於
該文件或依記載於交付時得以認
delivered.
定其人。
(2) 當制定法有效規定：「一書面契約或文
件，縱無約因，亦有其拘束力，或書面
契約或文件中之約因欠缺係訴訟中之
肯定抗辯。」時，為使約定能符合制定
法之所定，該約定須是下述者之一：
(a) 係表達於一經簽名或經約定人同
意且經交付之文件中或
(b) 係表達於約定人及受約人皆表示
同意之書面中。

§ 96. What Constitutes A Seal
(1) A seal is a manifestation in tangible and conventional form of an
intention that a document be sealed.
(2) A seal may take the form of a piece of wax, a wafer or other
substance affixed to the document or of an impression made on
the document.
(3) By statute or decision in most States in which the seal retains
significance a seal may take the form of a written or printed seal,
word, scrawl or other sign.
第96條蓋印之構成
(1) 稱蓋印者乃就一文件予以蓋印之意向
以實體及習慣沿用之方式所將之顯示
來之謂。
(2) 一蓋印得採用蓋壓於文件之臘或其他
物質或於文件壓紋之方式作成。
(3) 依據大多數蓋印仍有其重要性之州之
制定法及法院判決，蓋印得採用書寫或
印刷之印文、文字、圖書或其他記號之
方式作成。

§ 97. When A Promise Is Sealed
A written promise is sealed if the promisor affixes or impresses a
seal on the document or adopts a seal already thereon.
第97條一約定蓋印之時點
於約定人蓋壓或印壓一印文於文件或採用
已作成於文件上之印文時，一書面約定即
為蓋印。

§ 98. Adoption Of A Seal By Delivery
Unless extrinsic circumstances manifest a contrary intention, the
delivery of a written promise by the promisor amounts to the
adoption of any seal then on the document which has apparent
reference to his signature or to the signature of another party to the
document.
第98條以交付採用一蓋印
除明顯之情勢另有相反意思之表示外，約
定人就一書面約定所為之交付構成對於明
顯與其簽名或該文件上之他人簽名有關係
之文件上之任何蓋印之採用。

§ 99. Adoption Of The Same Seal By Several Parties
Any number of parties to the same instrument may adopt one seal.
第99條多數量當事人就相同蓋印之採用
相同文件任何數目之當事人得採用同一蓋印。

§ 100. Recital Of Sealing Or Delivery
A recital of the sealing or of the delivery of a written promise is not
essential to its validity as a contract under seal and is not conclusive
of the fact of sealing or delivery unless a statute makes a recital of
sealing the equivalent of a seal.
第100條蓋印或交付之前文
一書面約定蓋印或交付之前言就其之具蓋
印契約之效力而言，非屬必要，且除一制
定法規定蓋印之前言與一印文具相等效力
外，該前言對於蓋印或交付之事實並非絕
對。

§ 101. Delivery
A written promise, sealed or unsealed, may be delivered by the
promisor in escrow, conditionally to the promisee, or
unconditionally.
第101條交付
一蓋印或未蓋印之書面約定得對受約定人
附條件或不附條件而由約定人以交存第三
人處之未完成蓋印證書方式交付之。

§ 102. Unconditional Delivery
A written promise is delivered unconditionally when the promisor
puts it out of his possession and manifests an intention that it is to
take effect at once according to its terms.
第102條未附條件之交付
於約定人使一書面約定脫離其占有且表明
該約定依據其條款立即生效之意思時，該
書面約定係未附條件而交付。

§ 103. Delivery In Escrow; Conditional Delivery To The Promisee
(1) A written promise is delivered in escrow by the promisor when
he puts it into the possession of a person other than the promisee
without reserving a power of revocation and manifests an
intention that the document is to take effect according to its
terms upon the occurrence of a stated condition but not
otherwise.
(2) A written promise is delivered conditionally to the promisee
when the promisor puts it into the possession of the promisee
without reserving a power of revocation and manifests an
intention that the document is to take effect according to its
terms upon the occurrence of a stated condition but not
otherwise.
(3) Delivery of a written promise in escrow or its conditional
delivery to the promisee has the same effect as unconditional
delivery would have if the requirement of the condition were
expressed in the writing.
(4) In the absence of a statute modifying the significance of a seal,
delivery of a sealed promise in escrow or its conditional delivery
to the promisee is irrevocable for the time specified by the
promisor for the occurrence of the condition, or, if no time is
specified, for a reasonable time.
第103條以交付第三人處方式之交付；對受約定人為附條件之交付
(1) 於約定人不保留撤回之權力而使一書
面約定由受約定人以外之他人佔有且
表明該書據僅依一既定條件之成就發
生而照其條款生效之意思時，該書面約
定係由約定人以交付第三人處之附條
件蓋印證書之方式交付。
(2) 於約定人不保留撤回之權力而使一書
面約定人以外之他人佔有且表明之該
書據僅作一既定條件之成就而照條款
生效之意思時，該書面約定係對受約定
人為附條件之交付。
(3) 如條件之要件明示於書據上時，一以交
付第三人處附條件蓋印證書方式所為
之交付或對受約定人附條件之交付均
與未附條件之交付具有相同之效果。
(4) 於無修改之蓋印重要性之制定法時，一
以交付第三人處附條件蓋印證書方式
所為之交付或對受約定人附條件之交
付於約定人就該條件成救所特定之期
間內，或如無特定期間則於一合理期間
內，不得撤回。

§ 104. Acceptance Or Disclaimer By The Promisee
(1) Neither acceptance by the promisee nor knowledge by him of the
existence of a promise is essential to the formation of a contract
by the delivery of a written promise which is binding without
consideration.
(2) A promisee who has not manifested assent to a written promise
may, within a reasonable time after learning of its existence and
terms, render it inoperative by disclaimer.
(3) Acceptance or disclaimer is irrevocable.
第104條受約定人所為之承諾或承諾
之拒絕
(1) 受約定人為承諾及受約定人知悉約定
之存在，對於以無約因卻有拘束力之書
面約定之交付方式所為之契約構成而
言，皆非必要。
(2) 一尚未就一書面約定表明同意之受約
定人，得於知悉該約定之存在及其條款
後之一段合理期間內以拒絕承諾使該
約定失其效力。
(3) 承諾或承諾之拒絕不得撤回。

§105. Acceptance Where Return Promise Is Contemplated
Where a conveyance or a document containing a promise also
purports to contain a return promise by the grantee or promisee,
acceptance by the grantee or promisee is essential to create any
contractual obligation other than an option contract binding on the
grantor or promisor.
第105條意欲為對待約定時之承諾
當一讓與證書或一含約定在內之書據(文
件)其意亦在包含由受讓人或受約定人所
為之承諾，就對讓與人或約定人有拘束力
之選擇權契約以外之任何契約義務之創設
而言係屬必要條件。

§ 106. What Amounts To Acceptance Of Instrument
Acceptance of a conveyance or of a document containing a promise
is a manifestation of assent to the terms thereof made, either before
or after delivery, in accordance with any requirements imposed by
the grantor or promisor. If the acceptance occurs before delivery and
is not binding as an option contract, it is revocable until the moment
of delivery.
第106條書據承諾之構成要件
以讓與證書或包括約定在內之書據所為之
承諾，係謂在交付前或交付後依照任何由
讓與人或約定人所訂之條件對於該等文書
所載條款為同意之表示，如其承諾係於交
付前為之且未如選擇契約之具有拘束力
時，該項承諾得於交付前撤回。

§ 107. Creation Of Unsealed Contract By Acceptance By
Promisee
Where a grantee or promisee accepts a sealed document which
purports to contain a return promise by him, he makes the return
promise. But if he does not sign or seal the document his promise is
not under seal, and whether it is binding depends on the rules
governing unsealed contracts.
第107條受約定人以承諾創設未蓋印
契約
受讓人或受約定人接受一蓋印書據而該書
據內容已包含其之相對約定者，則一如其
之為該相對約定。但其若未就該書記簽名
或蓋印時，則其之約定係未經蓋印者，是
否具有拘束力，以適用規範未蓋印契約之
規則決定之。

§ 108. Requirement Of Naming Or Describing Promisor
And Promisee
A promise under seal is not binding without consideration unless
both the promisor and the promisee are named in the document or so
described as to be capable of identification when it is delivered.
第108條就約定人及受約定人為列名
或形容之要件
除約定人及受約定人皆列名於書據上或對
其等之形容於書據交付時皆得據以認明
外，一蓋印約定無約因時不具拘束力。

§ 109. Enforcement Of A Sealed Contract By Promisee
Who Does Not Sign Or Seal It
The promisee of a promise under seal is not precluded from
enforcing it as a sealed contract because he has not signed or sealed
the document, unless his doing so was a condition of the delivery,
whether or not the document contains a promise by him.
第109條未簽署或蓋印之受約定人對
一蓋印契約所為之執行
不論書據是否包括其所為之一約定除其行
為係交付之一條件外，一蓋印約定之受約
定人不因其未簽名或蓋印該書據上之緣
故，而不得以蓋印契約之方式執行該書據。

Chapter 5 The Statute Of Frauds
§ 110. Classes Of Contracts Covered
(1) The following classes of contracts are subject to a statute,
commonly called the Statute of Frauds, forbidding enforcement
unless there is a written memorandum or an applicable exception
(a) a contract of an executor or administrator to answer for a
duty of his decedent (the executor-administrator provision)
(b) a contract to answer for the duty of another (the suretyship
provision)
(c) a contract made upon consideration of marriage (the
marriage provision)
(d) a contract for the sale of an interest in land (the land
contract provision)
(e) a contract that is not to be performed within one year from
the making thereof (the one-year provision).
(2) The following classes of contracts, which were traditionally
subject to the Statute of Frauds, are now governed by Statute of
Frauds provisions of the Uniform Commercial Code
(a) a contract for the sale of goods for the price of $500 or
more (Uniform Commercial Code § 2-201)
(b) a contract for the sale of securities (Uniform Commercial
Code § 8-319)
(c) a contract for the sale of personal property not otherwise
covered, to the extent of enforcement by way of action or
defense beyond $5,000 in amount or value of remedy
(Uniform Commercial Code § 1-206).
(3) In addition the Uniform Commercial Code requires a writing
signed by the debtor for an agreement which creates or provides
for a security interest in personal property or fixtures not in the
possession of the secured party.
(4) Statutes in most states provide that no acknowledgment or
promise is sufficient evidence of a new or continuing contract to
take a case out of the operation of a statute of limitations unless
made in some writing signed by the party to be charged, but that
the statute does not alter the effect of any payment of principal or
interest.
(5) In many states other classes of contracts are subject to a
requirement of a writing.
第五章 防止詐欺條例
第110條適用契約之種類
(1) 除有書面備忘文件或得適用例外之情
形外，下列種類之契約適用這種為防止
詐欺條例之制定法而不得執行：
(a) 一由遺產執行人或管理人允諾償
還被繼承人義務之契約(遺產執行
人或管理人規定)；
(b) 一允諾對他人義務負責之契約(保
證規定)；
(c) 以婚姻為約因之契約(婚姻規定)；
(d) 出售土地上利益之契約(土地契約
規定)；
(e) 自作成時起不能於一年內完成履
行之契約(一年規定)。
(2) 下列之傳統上適用防止詐欺條例之契
約種類，現今適用美國統一商法典防止
詐欺之規定：
(a) 商品買賣價金為五百元以上之契
約(美國統一商法典第2－201條)；
(b) 證券買賣之契約(美國統一商法典
第8－319條)；
(c) 以訴訟或抗辯方式執行之價額或
救濟之價值在五千元以上之個人
動產買賣契約(美國統一商法典第
1－206條)。
(3) 此外，美國統一商法典並規定，債務人
就個人財產或非由被擔保一方占有中
之附屬物為創設或提供擔保利益之協
議時，應以書面簽署之。
(4) 大多數州之制定法均規定：除非已由被
請求之一方以部分書面為之，任何認知
或約定均難於成為一使案件免於續受
法規限制之新契約或持續契約的證
據，但法規並不影響任何本金或利息之
支付效果。
(5) 於許多州裡其他種類之契約亦受須以
書面為之之限制。

Topic 1. The Executor-Administrator Provision
§ 111. Contract Of Executor Or Administrator
A contract of an executor or administrator to answer personally for a
duty of his decedent is within the Statute of Frauds if a similar
contract to answer for the duty of a living person would be within
the Statute as a contract to answer for the duty of another.
第一節 執行人－管理人之條款
第111條遺產執行人或管理人契約
如一就生存者義務負責之類似契約將因同
於對他人義務負責之契約而適用防止詐欺
條例時，遺產執行人或管理人個人所為之
就被繼承人義務負責之契約有防止詐欺條
例之適用。

Topic 2. The Suretyship Provision
§ 112. Requirement Of Suretyship
A contract is not within the Statute of Frauds as a contract to answer
for the duty of another unless the promisee is an obligee of the
other's duty, the promisor is a surety for the other, and the promisee
knows or has reason to know of the suretyship relation.
第二節保證之條款
第112條保證之要件
除受約定人係他人義務之債務人，約定人
係該他人之保證人，且受約定人知或有理
由得知該項保證關係外，一契約不同於一
對他人義務負責之契約而有防止詐欺條例
之適用。

§113. Promises Of The Same Performance For The Same
Consideration
Where promises of the same performance are made by two persons
for a consideration which inures to the benefit of only one of them,
the promise of the other is within the Statute of Frauds as a contract
to answer for the duty of another, whether or not the promise is in
terms conditional on default by the one to whose benefit the
consideration inures, unless
(a) the other is not a surety for the one to whose benefit the
consideration inures
(b) the promises are in terms joint and do not create several duties
or joint and several duties
(c) the promisee neither knows nor has reason to know that the
consideration does not inure to the benefit of both promisors.
第113條以相同履行為相同約因之約
定
除有下列情形之一者外於二人就一僅對其
中一人有利益之約因為相同履行之約定
時，不論該約定條款是否以該約因對其有
利之人之違約為條件，另一人之約定於對
他人義務負責之契約有防止詐欺條例之適
用。
(a) 該另一人並非約因對其有利之人之
保證人；或
(b) 該約定係共同但非分立之義務或係
共同連帶且分立之債務；
(c) 受約定人不知且無理由得知該約因
並非皆對該二約定人有利益。

§ 114. Independent Duty Of Promisor
A contract to perform or otherwise to satisfy all or part of a duty of a
third person to the promisee is not within the Statute of Frauds as a
contract to answer for the duty of another if, by the terms of the
promise when it is made, performance thereof can involve no more
than
(a) the application of funds or property held by the promisor for
the purpose
(b) performance of any other duty owing, irrespective of his
promise, by the promisor to the promise
(c) performance of a duty which is either owing, irrespective of
his promise, by the promisor to the third person, or which the
promisee reasonably believes to be so owing.
第114條約定人之獨立義務
為履行或不履行第三人對意思表示相對人
全部或部份義務之契約，不在防止詐欺條
例規範之內；為他人履行義務之契約，依
其意思表示作成時之內容，如此項履行所
涉及者不超過：
(a) 為此目的，意思表示人所持有之基金
或財產，或
(b) 不論意思表示之內容為何，意思表示
人對其相對人對其相對人所負之其他
履行之義務，或
(c) 不論意思表示之內容為何，意思表示
人對其相對人所負或意見表示人有理
由相信所負之其他履行之義務。

§ 115. Novation
A contract that is itself accepted in satisfaction of a previously
existing duty of a third person to the promisee is not within the
Statute of Frauds as a contract to answer for the duty of another.
第115條債務更新
契約本身係因滿足於第三人之對受約定人
之先前存在債務而方被承諾者，不同於其
他之對他人義務負責之契約，並無防止詐
欺條例之適用。

§ 116. Main Purpose; Advantage To Surety
A contract that all or part of a duty of a third person to the promisee
shall be satisfied is not within the Statute of Frauds as a promise to
answer for the duty of another if the consideration for the promise is
in fact or apparently desired by the promisor mainly for his own
economic advantage, rather than in order to benefit the third person.
If, however, the consideration is merely a premium for insurance,
the contract is within the Statute.
第116條主要目的；擔保之利益
於第三人之對受約定人之全部或一部義務
可被滿足之契約中，若約定人就其約定之
約因於事實上或明顯地主要係在於使自己
獲致經濟上利益而非在於使該第三人獲益
時，則不同於其他之對他人義務應允負責
之約定，並無防止詐欺條例之適用。但該
約因若僅在於保險費，則契約仍受防止詐
欺條例之規範。

§ 117. Promise To Sign A Written Contract Of Suretyship
A promise to sign a written contract as a surety for the performance
of a duty owed to the promisee or to sign a negotiable instrument for
the accommodation of a person other than the promisee is within the
Statute of Frauds.
第117條簽暑一書面保證契約之約定
簽署一作為對受約人所負義務之履行保證
之書面契約之約定或為受約定人以外之人
之參加而簽署票據之約定，受防止詐欺條
例之適用。

§ 118. Promise To Indemnify A Surety
A promise to indemnify against liability or loss made to induce the
promisee to become a surety is not within the Statute of Frauds as a
contract to answer for the duty of another.
第118條對保證為補償之約定
一就邀引受約定人為保證人而生之責任或
損失予以賠償之約定非同於一對他人義務
應予負責之契約，無防止詐欺條例之適用。

§ 119. Assumption Of Duty By Another
A contract not within the Statute of Frauds as a contract to answer
for the duty of another when made is not brought within it by a
subsequent promise of another person to assume performance of the
duty as principal obligor.
第119條他人所為義務之承擔
一非因對他人義務負責契約而受防止詐欺
條例適用之契約作成時，不因他人以主要
債務人身分承擔義務履行之後約而定受防
止詐欺條例之適用。

§ 120. Obligations On Negotiable Instruments
(1) An obligation on a negotiable instrument or a guaranty written
on the instrument is not within the Statute of Frauds.
(2) A promise to pay a negotiable instrument, made by a party to it
who has been or may be discharged by the holder's failure or
delay in making presentment or giving notice of dishonor or in
making protest, is not within the Statute of Frauds.
第120條票據上之債務
(1) 票據上之債務或票據上之保證無防止
詐欺條例之適用。
(2) 因執票人未為或遲為提示或退票通知
或作成拒付證書而已被或可能被解除
債務之票據上當事人，其就該票據所為
付款之約定，無防止詐欺條例之適用。

§ 121. Contract Of Assignor Or Factor
(1) A contract by the assignor of a right that the obligor of the
assigned right will perform his duty is not within the Statute of
Frauds as a contract to answer for the duty of another.
(2) A contract by an agent with his principal that a purchaser of the
principal's goods through the agent will pay their price to the
principal is not within the Statute of Frauds as a contract to
answer for the duty of another.
第121條讓與人或代辦商之契約
(1) 一由權利讓與人所為之使受讓權利之
債務人履行其義務之契約，非如對他人
義務負責之契約有防止詐欺條例之適用。
(2) 一由代理人與本人所為之使本人商品
之買受人經由代理人而對本人給付價
金之契約，非如對他人義務負責之契約
有防止詐欺條例之適用。

§ 122. Contract To Buy A Right From The Obligee
A contract to purchase a right which the promisee has or may
acquire against a third person is not within the Statute of Frauds as a
contract to answer for the duty of another.
第122條自債權人買受權利之契約
一買受受約定人之對第三人已經或可能取
得權利之契約，非如對他人義務負責之契
約有防止詐欺條例之適用。

§ 123. Contract To Discharge The Promisee's Duty
A contract to discharge a duty owed by the promisee to a third
person is not within the Statute of Frauds as a contract to answer for
the duty of another.
第123條消滅受約定人義務之契約
一消滅受約定人之對第三人所負義務之契
約，非如對他人義務負責之契約有防止詐
欺條例之適用。

Topic 3. The Marriage Provision
§ 124. Contract Made Upon Consideration Of Marriage
A promise for which all or part of the consideration is either
marriage or a promise to marry is within the Statute of Frauds,
except in the case of an agreement which consists only of mutual
promises of two persons to marry each other.
第三節 婚姻上之條款
第124條以婚姻為約因
除於一僅二人相互約定結婚之協定情形
外，一以婚姻或以結婚之約定為全部或部
分約因之約定受防止詐欺條例之適用。

Topic 4. The Land Contract Provision
§125. Contract To Transfer, Buy, Or Pay For An Interest
In Land
(1) A promise to transfer to any person any interest in land is within
the Statute of Frauds.
(2) A promise to buy any interest in land is within the Statute of
Frauds, irrespective of the person to whom the transfer is to be
made.
(3) When a transfer of an interest in land has been made, a promise
to pay the price, if originally within the Statute of Frauds, ceases
to be within it unless the promised price is itself in whole or in
part an interest in land.
(4) Statutes in most states except from the land contract and
one-year provisions of the Statute of Frauds short-term leases
and contracts to lease, usually for a term not longer than one year.
第四節 關於土地契約之條款
第125條移轉買受或給付土地上利益之契約
(1) 一對任何人移轉土地上任何利益之約
定防止詐欺條例之適用。
(2) 不論其移轉之對象為何人，一買受土地
上任何利益之約定受防止詐欺條例之
適用。
(3) 除約定價格本身之全部或一部係以土
地上利益支付外，一土地上利益之移轉
作成時所為之一給付價格之約定，如原
須受防止詐欺條例之適用，亦不再適用
該條例。
(4) 除防止詐欺條例中之土地契約及一年
規定，短期租賃契約外，大多數州之制
定法通常其規定之期限不超過一年。

§ 126. Contract To Procure Transfer Or To Act As Agent
(1) A contract to procure the transfer of an interest in land by a
person other than the promisor is within the Statute of Frauds.
(2) A contract to act as agent for another in endeavoring to procure
the transfer of any interest in land by someone other than the
promisor is not within the Statute of Frauds as a contract for the
sale of an interest in land.
上利益移轉之契約適用防止詐欺條例。
第126條取得移轉或代理之契約
(1) 一由約定人以外之人所為之取得土地
(2) 一由約定人以外之人以作為他人代理
人而從事取得土地上任何利益移轉之
契約，非如土地上利益之買賣契約有防
止詐欺條例之適用。

§ 127. Interest In Land
An interest in land within the meaning of the Statute is any right,
privilege, power or immunity, or combination thereof, which is an
interest in land under the law of property and is not “goods” within
the Uniform Commercial Code.
第127條土地上利益
防止詐欺條例所稱之土地上利益謂任何權
利，特權，權力或豁免或其聯合體而為財
產法上所稱土地上利益而非屬美國統一商
法典上所稱之‘商品’。

§ 128. Boundary And Partition Agreements
(1) A contract between owners of adjoining tracts of land fixing a
dividing boundary is within the Statute of Frauds but if the
location of the boundary was honestly disputed the contract
becomes enforceable notwithstanding the Statute when the
agreed boundary has been marked or has been recognized in the
subsequent use of the tracts.
(2) A contract by joint tenants or tenants in common to partition land
into separate tracts for each tenant is within the Statute of Frauds
but becomes enforceable notwithstanding the Statute as to each
tract when possession of it is taken in severalty in accordance
with the agreement.
第128條疆界及分割協定
(1) 一相鄰土地所有人間所訂立劃定疆界
之契約適用防止詐欺條例但如疆界之
座落係經誠意爭執者，則於合意之疆界
已為標示或已被日後之土地使用結果
所確認時，雖防止詐欺條例有所規定，
該契約亦有執行力。
(2) 一共同承租人或公有承租人間分割土
地使每位承租人取得獨立土地區段之
契約適用防止詐欺條例，但於依協定各
區段土地係以單獨保有方式持有時，雖
防止詐欺條例就各區段土地有規定，該
契約亦有執行力。

§ 129. Action In Reliance; Specific Performance
A contract for the transfer of an interest in land may be specifically
enforced notwithstanding failure to comply with the Statute of
Frauds if it is established that the party seeking enforcement, in
reasonable reliance on the contract and on the continuing assent of
the party against whom enforcement is sought, has so changed his
position that injustice can be avoided only by specific enforcement.
第129條基本信賴而為之行為；強制執
行
一移轉土地上利益之契約雖未符合防止詐
欺條例之規定，如可認定其之尋求執行之
一方當事人基於對該契約及對該執行對象
當事人之繼續同意之合理信賴，而已改變
其地位以致只得藉強制執行以避免不公平
時，該契約仍得被特別執行。

Topic 5. The One-Year Provision
§ 130. Contract Not To Be Performed Within A Year
(1) Where any promise in a contract cannot be fully performed
within a year from the time the contract is made, all promises in
the contract are within the Statute of Frauds until one party to the
contract completes his performance.
(2) When one party to a contract has completed his performance, the
one-year provision of the Statute does not prevent enforcement
of the promises of other parties.
第五節關於一年期間之條款
第130條不能於一年內履行之契約
(1) 契約中之任何約定不能於契約作成日
起一年內完成履行時，該契約之全部約
定於該契約之一當事人完成其之履行
前皆適用防止詐欺條例。
(2) 契約之一當事人已完成其之履行時，防
止詐欺條例中之一年規定不阻礙對其
他當事人約定之執行。

Topic 6. Satisfaction Of The Statute By A Memorandum
§ 131. General Requisites Of A Memorandum
Unless additional requirements are prescribed by the particular
statute, a contract within the Statute of Frauds is enforceable if it is
evidenced by any writing, signed by or on behalf of the party to be
charged, which
(a) reasonably identifies the subject matter of the contract
(b) is sufficient to indicate that a contract with respect thereto has
been made between the parties or offered by the signer to the
other party
(c) states with reasonable certainty the essential terms of the
unperformed promises in the contract.
第六節 備忘錄符合法規規定之要件
第131條備忘錄之一般要件
除特別制定法另有規定外，一適用防止詐
欺條例而經由應對其負責之當事人簽名或
為該當事人簽名之任何符合下列規定之書
面證明的契約，有執行力：
(a) 可合理指認該契約之內容，
(b) 足以指明當事人間已作成一相關契
約或簽名人已向他方當事人為契約
之要約，及
(c) 以合理之確定性指陳契約中尚待履
行之約定之必要條款。

§ 132. Several Writings
The memorandum may consist of several writings if one of the
writings is signed and the writings in the circumstances clearly
indicate that they relate to the same transaction.
第132條數項分開之書面
數分開之書面中，其中之一書面已經簽名
且該等書面依其情況係可清楚指明所有之
書面均與相同之交易有關時，備忘錄得由
該數項分開之書面組成之。

§ 133. Memorandum Not Made As Such
Except in the case of a writing evidencing a contract upon
consideration of marriage, the Statute may be satisfied by a signed
writing not made as a memorandum of a contract.
第133條非作為備忘錄之書面
除在一證明以婚姻為約因之契約之書面
外，防止詐欺條例得由一非作為契約備忘
錄之簽名書面滿足之。

§ 134. Signature
The signature to a memorandum may be any symbol made or
adopted with an intention, actual or apparent, to authenticate the
writing as that of the signer.
第134條簽名
備忘錄之簽名得以任何附以真實或顯然用
來證明該書面係簽署人所為之意圖之符號
作成之。

§ 135. Who Must Sign
Where a memorandum of a contract within the Statute is signed by
fewer than all parties to the contract and the Statute is not otherwise
satisfied, the contract is enforceable against the signers but not
against the others.
第135條必須簽名之人
一適用防止詐欺條例之契約備忘錄由少於
契約全部當事人簽名且該條例非由全部當
事人簽名即不符其規定時該契約對簽名人
有執行力但對其他人則無。

§ 136. Time Of Memorandum
A memorandum sufficient to satisfy the Statute may be made or
signed at any time before or after the formation of the contract.
第136條作成備忘錄之時間
一足以符合防止詐欺條例之備忘錄得於契
約作成前後之任何時間內作成或簽名。

§ 137. Loss Or Destruction Of A Memorandum
The loss or destruction of a memorandum does not deprive it of
effect under the Statute.
第137條備忘錄之滅失
備忘錄之滅失不使其喪失適用防止詐欺條
例所生之效果。

Topic 7. Consequences Of Non-Compliance
§ 138. Unenforceability
Where a contract within the Statute of Frauds is not enforceable
against the party to be charged by an action against him, it is not
enforceable by a set-off or counterclaim in an action brought by him,
or as a defense to a claim by him.
第七節不遵從之後果
第138條不可執行性
受防止詐欺條例規範之契約，於以應負責
任之契約當事人為被告之訴訟中若對該被
告無執行力時，則該契約亦不得因該被告
之於訴訟中所提起之抵銷或反訴或被被告
引之為某一主張之抗辯而有執行力。

§ 139. Enforcement By Virtue Of Action In Reliance
(1) A promise which the promisor should reasonably expect to
induce action or forbearance on the part of the promisee or a
third person and which does induce the action or forbearance is
enforceable notwithstanding the Statute of Frauds if injustice can
be avoided only by enforcement of the promise. The remedy
granted for breach is to be limited as justice requires.
(2) In determining whether injustice can be avoided only by
enforcement of the promise, the following circumstances are
significant
(a) the availability and adequacy of other remedies, particularly
cancellation and restitution
(b) the definite and substantial character of the action or
forbearance in relation to the remedy sought
(c) the extent to which the action or forbearance corroborates
evidence of the making and terms of the promise, or the
making and terms are otherwise established by clear and
convincing evidence
(d) the reasonableness of the action or forbearance
(e) the extent to which the action or forbearance was
foreseeable by the promisor.
第139條因信任作為而生之強制執行
(1) 約定人合理期待其之約定應會誘引受
約定人或第三人之作為或不作為，且實
際會引致此等作為或不作為者，縱防止
詐欺條例有所規定，其之約定於非予以
執行不足以避免不公平之情況下，仍具
執行力。因違約而付與之賠償應限於公
平之所需。
(2) 在決定不公正是否僅能藉對該約定之
執行而避免時，下列情形具有重要性：
(a) 其他賠償之可行性及適宜性，特別
是作廢及回復原狀，
(b) 與求償有關之作為或不作為之確定及重要性質，
(c) 作為或不作為補強證明約定之內
容及其之作成之程度，或該作成或
內容係由其他清晰而明確之證據證明，
(d) 作為或不作為之合理性，
(e) 約定人對作為或不作為之可預見程度。

§ 140. Defense Of Failure To Perform
The Statute of Frauds does not invalidate defenses based on the
plaintiff's failure to perform a condition of his claim or defenses
based on his present or prospective breach of the contract he seeks to
enforce.
第140條不履行之抗辯
防止詐欺條例不使基於原告未履行其主張
之附加條件而所為之抗辯或基於原告對其
欲執行契約之現在或預期之違約而為之抗
辯無效。

§141. Action For Value Of Performance Under
Unenforceable Contract
(1) In an action for the value of performance under a contract, except
as stated in Subsection (2), the Statute of Frauds does not
invalidate any defense which would be available if the contract
were enforceable against both parties.
(2) Where a party to a contract which is unenforceable against him
refuses either to perform the contract or to sign a sufficient
memorandum, the other party is justified in suspending any
performance for which he has not already received the agreed
return, and such a suspension is not a defense in an action for the
value of performance rendered before the suspension.
第141條對不得執行契約之履行價值
所為之訴訟
(1) 除第(2)項另有規定外，於一對契約履行
之價值所為之訴訟中，防止詐欺條例不
使任何於該契約得對雙方當事人執行
時所可主張之抗辯無效。
(2) 於契約對之不得執行之一方當事人拒
不履行該契約或簽署一充分之備忘錄
時，他方當事人有正當理由終止對其尚
未受領既約定之對待給付部分而所為
之任何履行，且此終止在一請求該終止
前所為履行價值之訴訟中，不得作為抗
辯。

§142. Tort Liability For Acts Under Unenforceable
Contract
Where because of the existence of a contract conduct would not be
tortious, unenforceability of the contract under the Statute of Frauds
does not make the conduct tortious if it occurs without notice of
repudiation of the contract.
第142條依不得執行契約所作行為之
侵權責任
因一契約之存在使行為非屬侵權者時，依
防止詐欺條例不得執行之契約，於行為之
發生對該契約之解除為不知時，亦不使該
行為成為侵權行為。

§ 143. Unenforceable Contract As Evidence
The Statute of Frauds does not make an unenforceable contract
inadmissible in evidence for any purpose other than its enforcement
in violation of the Statute.
第143條以不得執行之契約為證據
除其執行違反防止詐欺條例之規定外，該
條例不得基於任何目的使一不得執行之契
約為不可採行之證據。

§ 144. Effect Of Unenforceable Contract As To Third
Parties
Only a party to a contract or a transferee or successor of a party to
the contract can assert that the contract is unenforceable under the
Statute of Frauds.
第144條不得執行之契約對第三當事人之效力
僅契約之一方當事人或該契約一方當事人
之受讓人或繼承人得主張該契約依防止詐
欺條例之規定不得執行。

§ 145. Effect Of Full Performance
Where the promises in a contract have been fully performed by all
parties, the Statute of Frauds does not affect the legal relations of the
parties.
第145條完成履行之效果
一契約之約定已為所有當事人完成履行
時，防止詐欺條例不影響當事人間之法律
關係。

§ 146. Rights Of Competing Transferees Of Property
(1) Where a contract to transfer property or a transfer was
unenforceable against the transferor under the Statute of Frauds
but subsequently becomes enforceable, the contract or transfer
has whatever priority it would have had aside from the Statute of
Frauds over an intervening contract by the transferor to transfer
the same property to a third person.
 (2) If the third person obtains title to the property by an enforceable
transaction before the prior contract becomes enforceable, the
prior contract is unenforceable against him and does not affect
his title.
第146條財產受讓人之競爭權
(1) 依防止詐欺條例，移轉財產之契約或移
轉對於讓與人係不可執行但嗣後變為
可執行時，則該契約或該移轉對於該讓
與人所為之移轉相同財產予第三人之
介入契約得享有該條例規範之外所得
享有之任何優先地位。
(2) 第三人於前契約得以執行前以一得執
行之交易取得財產之所有權時，該前契
約之效力不得對抗該第三人且不影響
其所有權。

§ 147. Contract Containing Multiple Promises
(1) Where performance of the promises in a contract which subject it
to the Statute of Frauds is exclusively beneficial to one party,
that party by agreeing to forego the performance may render the
remainder of the contract enforceable, but this rule does not
apply to a contract to transfer property on the promisor's death.
(2) Where the promises in a contract which subject it to the Statute
have become enforceable or where the duty to perform them has
been discharged by performance or otherwise, the Statute does
not prevent enforcement of the remaining promises.
(3) Except as stated in this Section, where some of the unperformed
promises in a contract are unenforceable against a party under
the Statute of Frauds, all the promises in the contract are
unenforceable against him.
第147條包含複數約定之契約
(1) 適用防止詐欺條例之契約中約定之履
行專對一方當事人有利時，該當事人得
以同意放棄該履行之方式使該契約之
其餘部分有執行力，但本項規定對於約
定人死亡時移轉財產之契約不適用。
(2) 適用防止詐欺條例之契約中的約定已
成為有執行力或履行該等約定之義務
已經履行或已以他法消滅時，該條例不
阻礙對其餘約定之執行。
(3) 除本條另有規定外，契約中一些未履行
之約定依防止詐欺條例之規定不得對
一當事人執行時，該契約中全部約定對
其皆不得執行。

§ 148. Rescission By Oral Agreement
Notwithstanding the Statute of Frauds, all unperformed duties under
an enforceable contract may be discharged by an oral agreement of
rescission. The Statute may, however, apply to a contract to rescind
a transfer of property.
第148條口頭協定作成之解除
無論防止詐欺條例規定如何，一得執行契
約之一切未履行之義務得以一解除契約之
口頭協定消滅之。但該條例得適用於一解
除財產移轉之契約。

§ 149. Oral Modification
(1) For the purpose of determining whether the Statute of Frauds
applies to a contract modifying but not rescinding a prior
contract, the second contract is treated as containing the
originally agreed terms as modified. The Statute may, however,
apply independently of the original terms to a contract to modify
a transfer of property.
(2) Where the second contract is unenforceable by virtue of the
Statute of Frauds and there has been no material change of
position in reliance on it, the prior contract is not modified.
第149條口頭之修正
(1) 為決定防止詐欺條例是否適用於一修
正但不解除前契約之契約，該後契約視
為包括修正後之原約定條款。但無論如
何，該條例均得適用原條款於一修正財
產移轉之契約上。
(2) 後契約因防止詐欺條例之規定而不得
執行且所信賴之情勢並無重大改變
時，前契約視為未修正。

§ 150. Reliance On Oral Modification
Where the parties to an enforceable contract subsequently agree that
all or part of a duty need not be performed or of a condition need not
occur, the Statute of Frauds does not prevent enforcement of the
subsequent agreement if reinstatement of the original terms would
be unjust in view of a material change of position in reliance on the
subsequent agreement.
第150條對口頭修正之信賴
一得執行契約之當事人嗣後同意一義務之
全部或一部無庸履行或一條件無庸發生，
若因信賴後協定而致情勢重大改變且原條
款之回復將造成不公平時，則防止詐欺條
例之規定不阻礙對後協定之執行。