美國整編契約法 (第二版) (4)－關於愛，我是個小學生。

Chapter 10 Performance And Non-Performance
Topic 1. Performances To Be Exchanged Under An
Exchange Of Promises
§ 231. Criterion For Determining When Performances Are
To Be Exchanged Under An Exchange Of Promises
Performances are to be exchanged under an exchange of promises if
each promise is at least part of the consideration for the other and the
performance of each promise is to be exchanged at least in part for
the performance of the other.

第十章履行與不履行
第一節因約定之交換之履行
第231條決定何時應根據約定之交換
而交換履行之標準
於每一約定至少須係他約定之約因的一部
分且每一約定之履行至少必須部分與他約
定之履行相交換時，履行即須基於約定之
交換而交換。

§ 232. When It Is Presumed That Performances Are To Be
Exchanged Under An Exchange Of Promises
Where the consideration given by each party to a contract consists in
whole or in part of promises, all the performances to be rendered by
each party taken collectively are treated as performances to be
exchanged under an exchange of promises, unless a contrary
intention is clearly manifested.
第232條履行須因約定之交換而交換
之推定時機
契約當事人任一方所提供約因之全部或部
分係由約定組成時，除另有明示之反對意
思外，一切須由每一當事人給付之履行其
整體乃視為係因約定之交換而必須交換之
履行。

§ 233. Performance At One Time Or In Installments
(1) Where performances are to be exchanged under an exchange of
promises, and the whole of one party's performance can be
rendered at one time, it is due at one time, unless the language or
the circumstances indicate the contrary.
(2) Where only a part of one party's performance is due at one time
under Subsection (1), if the other party's performance can be so
apportioned that there is a comparable part that can also be
rendered at that time, it is due at that time, unless the language or
the circumstances indicate the contrary.
第233條一次或分期履行
(1) 契約之履行係因約定之交換而必須交
換之履行，且當事人一方之全部履行得
以一次給付時，則除用語或情勢另有反
對之意思表示外，該履行乃一次到期。
(2) 契約當事人一方之履行僅有部分依前
項係一次到期，如他方當事人之履行亦
得以分次而使其一相當部分亦得於該
時間給付時，則除用語或情勢另有反對
之表示外，該他方當事人之履行乃於該
時間到期。

§ 234. Order Of Performances
(1) Where all or part of the performances to be exchanged under an
exchange of promises can be rendered simultaneously, they are
to that extent due simultaneously, unless the language or the
circumstances indicate the contrary.
(2) Except to the extent stated in Subsection (1), where the
performance of only one party under such an exchange requires a
period of time, his performance is due at an earlier time than that
of the other party, unless the language or the circumstances
indicate the contrary.
第234條履行之順序
(1) 全部或部分之因約定之交換而必須交
換之履行得同時給付時，則除用語或情
勢另有反對之表示外，該當事人之履行
先於他方當事人之履行到期。
(2) 除前項之規定範圍外，僅當事人一方之
履行係基於須經一段時間之交換而生
時，則除用語或情勢另有反對之表示
外，該當事人之履行先於他方當事人之
履行到期。

Topic 2. Effect Of Performance And Non-Performance
§235.Effect Of Performance As Discharge And Of
Non-Performance As Breach
(1) Full performance of a duty under a contract discharges the duty.
(2) When performance of a duty under a contract is due any
non-performance is a breach.
第二節履行與不履行之效果
第235條履行之消滅義務效果與不履
行之違約效果
(1) 一契約義務之完全履行則消滅該義務。
(2) 一契約義務之履行期屆至時，任何之不
履行為義務之違反。

§ 236. Claims For Damages For Total And For Partial
Breach
(1) A claim for damages for total breach is one for damages based
on all of the injured party's remaining rights to performance.
(2) A claim for damages for partial breach is one for damages based
on only part of the injured party's remaining rights to
performance.
第236條全部或一部違約賠償之主張
(1) 稱全部違約之賠償主張者謂一基於受
損害當事人之對於待履行之一切權利
的違反而所為之賠償主張。
(2) 稱部分違約之賠償主張者謂一僅基於
受損害當事人之對於待履行之部分權
利的違反而所為之賠償主張。

§ 237. Effect On Other Party's Duties Of A Failure To
Render Performance
Except as stated in § 240, it is a condition of each party's remaining
duties to render performances to be exchanged under an exchange of
promises that there be no uncured material failure by the other party
to render any such performance due at an earlier time.
第237條他方當事人未能實施履行義
務之效果
除第240條另有規定外，任一方當事人之基
於約定之交換而對所應交換之履行尚有否
待給付之義務，亦取決於他方當事人對較
早到期之任何此種履行並未有無法補救之
重大未給付情形。

§ 238. Effect On Other Party's Duties Of A Failure To
Offer Performance
Where all or part of the performances to be exchanged under an
exchange of promises are due simultaneously, it is a condition of
each party's duties to render such performance that the other party
either render or, with manifested present ability to do so, offer
performance of his part of the simultaneous exchange.
第238條他方當事人未能要約履行之
效果
於全部或部分之因約定之交換而必須交換
之履行同時到期時，任一方當事人之給付
此種履行之義務，亦取決於，他方當事人
之給付行為或是其就同時交換履行之本身
部分已明示目前之履行能力而以要約履行
給付之情形。

§ 239. Effect On Other Party's Duties Of A Failure
Justified By Non–Occurrence Of A Condition
(1) A party's failure to render or to offer performance may, except as
stated in Subsection (2), affect the other party's duties under the
rules stated in §§ 237 and 238 even though failure is justified by
the non-occurrence of a condition.
(2) The rule stated in Subsection (1) does not apply if the other party
assumed the risk that he would have to perform in spite of such a
failure.
第239條因條件之不發生使他方當事
人未履行義務成正當之效果
(1) 除本條第(2)項另有規定外，即當事人一
方之未履行係因一條件之不發生而正
當，依第237條及第238條所規定之他方
當事人之義務。
(2) 對方當事人未為履行，但其一方當事人
仍須負擔履行責任之情形，依第(1)項之
規定不適用之。

§ 240. Part Performances As Agreed Equivalents
If the performances to be exchanged under an exchange of promises
can be apportioned into corresponding pairs of part performances so
that the parts of each pair are properly regarded as agreed
equivalents, a party's performance of his part of such a pair has the
same effect on the other's duties to render performance of the agreed
equivalent as it would have if only that pair of performances had
been promised.
第240條約定同等之部分履行
因約定之交換而須交換之履行得分為幾組
相對應之部分履行而使每組得適當地視為
約定相當，當事人一方就己方一組之履行
對於他方當事人實施約定相當之履行義務
有如同僅就該組之履行為約定般之效果。

§ 241. Circumstances Significant In Determining Whether
A Failure Is Material
In determining whether a failure to render or to offer performance is
material, the following circumstances are significant
(a) the extent to which the injured party will be deprived of the
benefit which he reasonably expected
(b) the extent to which the injured party can be adequately
compensated for the part of that benefit of which he will be
deprived
(c) the extent to which the party failing to perform or to offer to
perform will suffer forfeiture
(d) the likelihood that the party failing to perform or to offer to
perform will cure his failure, taking account of all the
circumstances including any reasonable assurances
(e) the extent to which the behavior of the party failing to perform
or to offer to perform comports with standards of good faith
and fair dealing.
第241條決定一不履行是否重大時之
重要情勢
於決定一實施或提出履行之失敗是否重大
時，下列情勢具重要性
(a) 達到損害之當事人將喪失其所合理
期望利益之程度；
(b) 達到受損害之當事人就其所喪失之
利益得獲充分賠償之程度；
(c) 達到使該不能履行或不能提出履行
之當事人，致權利喪失損害之程度；
(d) 考慮包括任何合理之保險在內之一
切情勢，該不能履行或不能提出履行
之當事人可能補正其不能；
(e) 達到該不能履行或不能提出履行當
事人之行為符合誠信與公平交易標
準之程度。

§242. Circumstances Significant In Determining When
Remaining Duties Are Discharged
In determining the time after which a party's uncured material failure
to render or to offer performance discharges the other party's
remaining duties to render performance under the rules stated in §§
237 and 238, the following circumstances are significant
(a) those stated in § 241
(b) the extent to which it reasonably appears to the injured party
that delay may prevent or hinder him in making reasonable
substitute arrangements
(c) the extent to which the agreement provides for performance
without delay, but a material failure to perform or to offer to
perform on a stated day does not of itself discharge the other
party's remaining duties unless the circumstances, including
the language of the agreement, indicate that performance or an
offer to perform by that day is important.
第242條決定何時待履行義務消滅之
重要情勢
決定當事人一方重大不能履行或不能提出
履行後，何時他方當事人依第237條及第
228條所定之待履行義務消滅之問題時，下
列情勢具重要性。
(a) 第241條所規定者；
(b) 達到對受損害之當事人合理之顯示
而言，遲延將阻止或妨礙其為合理替
代安排之程度；
(c) 達到規定履行之協定雖未遲延，然於
一特定期日一履行或提出履行之重
大不能本身並不消滅他方當事人剩
餘義務之程度，但包括該協定用語在
內之情勢顯示該特定期日之履行或
一履行之要約為重要時，不在此限。

§ 243. Effect Of A Breach By Non-Performance As Giving
Rise To A Claim For Damages For Total Breach
(1) With respect to performances to be exchanged under an
exchange of promises, a breach by non-performance gives rise to
a claim for damages for total breach only if it discharges the
injured party's remaining duties to render such performance,
other than a duty to render an agreed equivalent under § 240.
(2) Except as stated in Subsection (3), a breach by non-performance
accompanied or followed by a repudiation gives rise to a claim
for damages for total breach.
(3) Where at the time of the breach the only remaining duties of
performance are those of the party in breach and are for the
payment of money in installments not related to one another, his
breach by non-performance as to less than the whole, whether or
not accompanied or followed by a repudiation, does not give rise
to a claim for damages for total breach.
(4) In any case other than those stated in the preceding subsections, a
breach by non-performance gives rise to a claim for total breach
only if it so substantially impairs the value of the contract to the
injured party at the time of the breach that it is just in the
circumstances to allow him to recover damages based on all his
remaining rights to performance.
第243條因不履行違約所生得主張全
部違約賠償之效果
(1) 於基於約定之交換而須互換之履行
裡，因一方不履行所引起的違約，僅在
該違約得免除受損害當事人其就此種
履行之尚待給付義務，而非第240條所
定的與約定相當部分之給付義務時，方
得引致他方就全部違約之損害賠償主
張。
(2) 除本條第(3)項所定外，因不履行所引起
的違約，於係拒絕給付而所起或所致
者，得引致他方就全部違約之損害賠償
主張。
(3) 違約發生時，惟存的尚待給付之履行義
務係歸於違約之一方時且係並無相互
關聯之分期付款款項之給付義務時，則
其之非因全部之不履行而所引起的違
約，不論是否係拒絕給付而所起或所致
者，俱不引致他方之得就全部違約之損
害賠償主張。
(4) 於前三項所規定者以外之任何情況，因
不履行所引起的違約，僅於該違約於發
生時係重大損害到受損當事人之契約
利益致根據情勢應容許其依據所有尚
待請求履行給付之權利而請求損害賠
償方為適當時，方得引致受損一方就全
部違約之賠償主張。

§ 244. Effect Of Subsequent Events On Duty To Pay
Damages
A party's duty to pay damages for total breach by non-performance
is discharged if it appears after the breach that there would have
been a total failure by the injured party to perform his return
promise.
第244條後事件對賠償給付義務之影
響
當事人一方因不履行所生全部違約賠償給
付之義務消滅，如於該違約後受損害當事
人全部不能履行其相對約定。
§ 245. Effect Of A Breach By Non-Performance As
Excusing The Non-Occurrence Of A Condition
Where a party's breach by non-performance contributes materially to
the non-occurrence of a condition of one of his duties, the non-occurrence is excused.
第245條不履行所致之違約免除條件
不發生責任之效果
當事人一方因不履行所致之違約主要歸諸
於其一義務所附條件之不發生時，該不發
生應免責。

§ 246. Effect Of Acceptance As Excusing The
Non-Occurrence Of A Condition
(1) Except as stated in Subsection (2), an obligor's acceptance or his
retention for an unreasonable time of the obligee's performance,
with knowledge of or reason to know of the non-occurrence of a
condition of the obligor's duty, operates as a promise to perform
in spite of that non-occurrence, under the rules stated in § 84.
(2) If at the time of its acceptance or retention the obligee's
performance involves such attachment to the obligor's property
that removal would cause material loss, the obligor's acceptance
or retention of that performance operates as a promise to perform
in spite of the non-occurrence of the condition, under the rules
stated in § 84, only if the obligor with knowledge of or reason to
know of the defects manifests assent to the performance.
第246條承諾免除一條件不發生責任之效果
(1) 除本條第(2)項另有規定外，一債務人對
債權人義務所附一條件之不發生知情
或有理由得知時，該債務人之受領或其
對債權人之履行為一不合理期間之留
置，依第84條之規定，視為雖有條件之
不發生其仍負履行之約定。
(2) 於受領或留置附於債務人不動產已達
若除去之將造成重大損失之債權人之
履行時，僅為該債務人知或有理由得知
該履行同意表示瑕疵時，該債務人就履
行所為之受領或留置，依第48條之規
定，視為一雖於條件之不發生時仍為履
行之約定。

§ 247. Effect Of Acceptance Of Part Performance As
Excusing The Subsequent Non-Occurrence Of A Condition
An obligor's acceptance of part of the obligee's performance, with
knowledge or reason to know of the non-occurrence of a condition
of the obligor's duty, operates as a promise to perform in spite of a
subsequent non-occurrence of the condition under the rules stated in
§ 84 to the extent that it justifies the obligee in believing that
subsequent performances will be accepted in spite of that
non-occurrence.
第247條部分履行之承諾免除；其後條件不發生之效果
債務人知或有理由得知債務人義務所附條件之不發生，
而就債務人之部分履行
所為之受領，於其得使債權人相信雖該條
件之不發生乃將受領其後履行時，依第48
條之規定，該受領視為一雖於條件不發生
時，其仍為履行之約定。

§ 248. Effect Of Insufficient Reason For Rejection As
Excusing The Non-Occurrence Of A Condition
Where a party rejecting a defective performance or offer of
performance gives an insufficient reason for rejection, the
non-occurrence of a condition of his duty is excused only if he knew
or had reason to know of that non-occurrence and then only to the
extent that the giving of an insufficient reason substantially
contributes to a failure by the other party to cure.
第248條不足之拒絕理由免除；其後條件不發生之效果
當事人一方提出不足之拒絕理由拒絕有瑕
疵之履行或履行之提出，僅於其知或有理
由得知條件之不發生且該不足理由之提出
係重大歸因於負補正之他方當事人之不能
時，其義務所附一條件之不發生始應被免
除。

§ 249. When Payment Other Than By Legal Tender Is
Sufficient
Where the payment or offer of payment of money is made a
condition of an obligor's duty, payment or offer of payment in any
manner current in the ordinary course of business satisfies the
requirement unless the obligee demands payment in legal tender and
gives any extension of time reasonably necessary to procure it.
第249條非法定貨幣給付得滿足債權之時機
金錢給付或給付金錢之要約為一債務人義
務所附之條件時，除債權人要求以法定貨
幣給付且充以任何取得該法定貨幣所需之
合理期間外，以通常商業交易過程所用之
任何貨幣所為之給付得具滿足該要件之效力。

Topic 3. Effect Of Prospective Non-Performance
§ 250. When A Statement Or An Act Is A Repudiation
A repudiation is
(a) a statement by the obligor to the obligee indicating that the
obligor will commit a breach that would of itself give the
obligee a claim for damages for total breach under § 243, or
(b) a voluntary affirmative act which renders the obligor unable
or apparently unable to perform without such a breach.
第三節預期不履行之效果
第250條拒絕履行之陳述或行為
稱拒絕履行謂有下列情形之一者：
(a) 由債務人向債權人所為指出該債務
人將為一其本身得使債權人依第243
條主張全部不履行損害賠償之一陳述。
(b) 一使債務人如不為此不履行即不能
或顯然不能履行義務之主動肯定行為。

§ 251. When A Failure To Give Assurance May Be
Treated As A Repudiation
(1) Where reasonable grounds arise to believe that the obligor will
commit a breach by non-performance that would of itself give
the obligee a claim for damages for total breach under § 243, the
obligee may demand adequate assurance of due performance and
may, if reasonable, suspend any performance for which he has
not already received the agreed exchange until he receives such
assurance.
(2) The obligee may treat as a repudiation the obligor's failure to
provide within a reasonable time such assurance of due
performance as is adequate in the circumstances of the particular
case.
第251條未提供擔保得視為拒絕履行
之時機
(1) 基於合理之理由得相信債務人將不為
履行而違約時，債權人得據此事由主張
第243條所規定之完全違約之損害賠
償，債權人得請求就到期履行提供足夠
之擔保，且於合理時，於受領該一擔保
前，得停止就其尚未受領之約定交換所
為之任何履行。
(2) 債權人得視債務人之未能於一合理期
間內提供特定案件之情況下係一適當
之到期履行擔保為一拒絕履行。

§ 252. Effect Of Insolvency
(1) Where the obligor's insolvency gives the obligee reasonable
grounds to believe that the obligor will commit a breach under
the rule stated in § 251, the obligee may suspend any
performance for which he has not already received the agreed
exchange until he receives assurance in the form of performance
itself, an offer of performance, or adequate security.
(2) A person is insolvent who either has ceased to pay his debts in
the ordinary course of business or cannot pay his debts as they
become due or is insolvent within the meaning of the federal
bankruptcy law.
第252條支付不能之效果
(1) 債務人之支付不能致使債權人有合理
之理由相信債務人將為第251條規定之
違約時，則於債權人受領本身為履行之
提出或充分之擔保之履行形式之保證
前，債權人得終止任何其尚未收到約定
對價之履行。
(2) 於通常商業程序中停止支付其債務，或
於其債務到期而不能支付，或為聯邦破
產法所規定之支付不能者，為支付不能之人。

§ 253. Effect Of A Repudiation As A Breach And On
Other Party's Duties
(1) Where an obligor repudiates a duty before he has committed a
breach by non-performance and before he has received all of the
agreed exchange for it, his repudiation alone gives rise to a claim
for damages for total breach.
(2) Where performances are to be exchanged under an exchange of
promises, one party's repudiation of a duty to render performance
discharges the other party's remaining duties to render
performance.
第253條拒絕履行之違約效果及對他
方當事人義務之影響效果
(1) 一債務人於其因不履行而為一違約前
拒絕履行一義務且其已受領所約定義
務之全部對價時，僅對其拒絕履行之本
身即得提起全部違約損害賠償之主張。
(2) 履行為因約定之交換而須交換者時，當
事人一方對實施履行義務所為之拒絕
履行免除他方當事人實施履行之待給
付義務。

§ 254. Effect Of Subsequent Events On Duty To Pay
Damages
(1) A party's duty to pay damages for total breach by repudiation is
discharged if it appears after the breach that there would have
been a total failure by the injured party to perform his return
promise.
(2) A party's duty to pay damages for total breach by repudiation is
discharged if it appears after the breach that the duty that he
repudiated would have been discharged by impracticability or
frustration before any breach by non-performance.
第254條後發生事件對給付損害賠償
義務之影響
(1) 如情形顯示於其違約後，受害當事人將
完成不能履行對待約定時，當事人一方
因拒絕履行所生全部違約之損害賠償
義務消滅。
(2) 如情形顯示於其違約後，在任何不履行
所致之違約前，其不履行之義務將因無
法實行或目的無法達成而消滅時，當事
人一方因拒絕履行所生全部違約之損
害賠償義務消滅。

§ 255. Effect Of A Repudiation As Excusing The
Non-Occurrence Of A Condition
Where a party's repudiation contributes materially to the
non-occurrence of a condition of one of his duties, the
non-occurrence is excused.
第255條免除一條件不成就之拒絕履
行的效果
當事人一方之拒絕履行可重大歸因於其一
義務所附條件之不成就時該不成就之責任
應被免除。

§ 256. Nullification Of Repudiation Or Basis For
Repudiation
(1) The effect of a statement as constituting a repudiation under §
250 or the basis for a repudiation under § 251 is nullified by a
retraction of the statement if notification of the retraction comes
to the attention of the injured party before he materially changes
his position in reliance on the repudiation or indicates to the
other party that he considers the repudiation to be final.
(2) The effect of events other than a statement as constituting a
repudiation under § 250 or the basis for a repudiation under §
251 is nullified if, to the knowledge of the injured party, those
events have ceased to exist before he materially changes his
position in reliance on the repudiation or indicates to the other
party that he considers the repudiation to be final.
第256條拒絕履行之無效或拒絕履行
基礎之無效
(1) 受損害之當事人於重大改變其信賴拒
絕履行之立場或向他方當事人表明其
認為該拒絕履行係確定者之前得知撤
回陳述之通知時，構成第250條所規定
之拒絕履行或第251條所規定之拒絕履
行基礎之陳述，其效果因該陳述之撤回
而無效。
(2) 受損害之當事人於重大改變其信賴拒
絕履行之立場或向他方當事人表明其
認為該拒絕履行係確定者之前，得知事
件已不存在時，構成第250條所規定之
拒絕履行或第251條所規定之拒絕履行
基礎之陳述以外之事件無效。

§ 257. Effect Of Urging Performance In Spite Of
Repudiation
The injured party does not change the effect of a repudiation by
urging the repudiator to perform in spite of his repudiation or to
retract his repudiation.
第257條雖拒絕履行仍催促履行之效果
一拒絕履行之效果不因受損害之當事人催
促拒絕履行人於拒絕履行情況下仍須履行
或撤回其之拒絕履行而有所改變。

Topic 4. Application Of Performances
§ 258. Obligor's Direction Of Application
(1) Except as stated in Subsection (2), as between two or more
contractual duties owed by an obligor to the same obligee, a
performance is applied according to a direction made by the
obligor to the obligee at or before the time of performance.
(2) If the obligor is under a duty to a third person to devote a
performance to the discharge of a particular duty that the obligor
owes to the obligee and the obligee knows or has reason to know
this, the obligor's performance is applied to that duty.
第四節履行之適用
第258條債務人之適用指示
(1) 除第(2)項另有規定外，一債務人對同一
債務人負二或多項契約義務時，一履行
應依於履行前或履行時債務人對債權
人所為之指示而適用。
(2) 於債務人對一第三人負一消滅其對債
權人所負之一特別義務之一履行義
務，且該債權人知或有理由得知其情形
時，該債務人之履行應適用於該第三人
之義務。

§ 259. Creditor's Application
(1) Except as stated in Subsections (2) and (3), if the debtor has not
directed application of a payment as between two or more
matured debts, the payment is applied according to a
manifestation of intention made within a reasonable time by the
creditor to the debtor.
(2) A creditor cannot apply such a payment to a debt if
(a) the debtor could not have directed its application to thatdebt
(b) a forfeiture would result from a failure to apply it to another
debt and the creditor knows or has reason to know this the
debt is disputed
(c) or is unenforceable on grounds of public policy.
(3) If a creditor is owed one such debt in his own right and another
in a fiduciary capacity, he cannot, unless empowered to do so by
the beneficiary, effectively apply to the debt in his own right a
greater proportion of a payment than that borne by the unsecured
portion of that debt to the unsecured portions of both claims.

第259條債權人之適用
(1) 除第(2)項及第(3)項另有規定外，如債務
人就二或多項到其債務未指示一給付
之適用時，該給付應依債權人於一合理
期間內向債務人所為意思之表示而予
適用。
(2) 一債權人不得就一給付適用於一債
務，如果；
(a) 債務人不得指示適用該給付於該
債務或
(b) 適用該給付於另一債務之失敗將
導致一權利之喪失且債權人知或
有理由得知此情，或
(c) 該債務因公共政策之理由有爭執
或係不得執行者
(3) 一債權人以自己之權利負一債務且以
受託人之能力負另一債務時，除有受益
人之授權外，其不得以自己之名義有效
地適用一給付於超過該債務未擔保部
份對二主張共同未擔保部份比例之債
務。

§ 260. Application Of Payments Where Neither Party
Exercises His Power
(1) If neither the debtor nor the creditor has exercised his power with
respect to the application of a payment as between two or more
matured debts, the payment is applied to debts to which the
creditor could have applied it with just regard to the interests of
third persons, the debtor and the creditor.
(2) In applying payments under the rule stated in Subsection (1), a
payment is applied to the earliest matured debt and ratably
among debts of the same maturity, except that preference is
given
(a) to a debt that the debtor is under a duty to a third person to
pay immediately
(b) if he is not under such a duty,
(i) to overdue interest rather than principal
(ii) to an unsecured or precarious debt rather than one that
is secured or certain of payment.
第260條當事人雙方皆不行使權限時
給付之適用
(1) 債權人及債務人皆不行使其就一給付
適用於二項或多項到期債務之權限
時，該給付應適用於債權人因其適用得
就第三人債務人及債權人之利益為正
當考慮之債務上。
(2) 依第(1)項之規定適用給付時，除優先順
序應賦予
(a) 一債務人對第三人負有一立即給
付義務之債務且
(b) 如該債務人未負擔前款義務時則
(i)(賦予)過期之利息而非本金，
(ii)(賦予)一無擔保或數額未定之
債而附有擔保或確定數額之給付
之外，一給付應適用於最先到期之
債務及比例適用於相同履行期之
債務。

Chapter 11 Impracticability Of Performance And
Frustration Of Purpose
§ 261. Discharge By Supervening Impracticability
Where, after a contract is made, a party's performance is made
impracticable without his fault by the occurrence of an event the
non-occurrence of which was a basic assumption on which the
contract was made, his duty to render that performance is
discharged, unless the language or the circumstances indicate the
contrary.
第十一章履行不能及目的之無法達成
第261條因嗣後之不能實行而消滅義務
除所用語文或情況有相反之表示外，一契
約作成後，因一其不發生係契約作成基本
前提之事件發生，當事人一方之履行係因
不可歸責於其之事由而”不能實行”時，該
當事人實施該履行之義務消滅。

§ 262. Death Or Incapacity Of Person Necessary For
Performance
If the existence of a particular person is necessary for the
performance of a duty, his death or such incapacity as makes
performance impracticable is an event the non-occurrence of which
was a basic assumption on which the contract was made.
第262條履行所必要人之死亡或無行為能力
於一特定人之存在對一義務之履行為必要
時，該人之死亡或使契約之履行為不可行
之無行為能力乃構成一其發生係契約作成
所據之基本前提之事件。

§ 263. Destruction, Deterioration Or Failure To Come Into
Existence Of Thing Necessary For Performance
If the existence of a specific thing is necessary for the performance
of a duty, its failure to come into existence, destruction, or such
deterioration as makes performance impracticable is an event the
non-occurrence of which was a basic assumption on which the
contract was made.
第263條履行所必要之物之滅失、變質
或不能存在
於一特定物之存在對一義務之履行為必要
時，該物之不能存在、滅失或使履行為滅
失或使履行為不可行之變質乃構成一其不
發生係契約作成所據之基本前提之事件。

§ 264. Prevention By Governmental Regulation Or Order
If the performance of a duty is made impracticable by having to
comply with a domestic or foreign governmental regulation or order,
that regulation or order is an event the non-occurrence of which was
a basic assumption on which the contract was made.
第264條政府規定或命令之制止
於一義務之履行因必需符合一本國或外國
政府之規定或命令而致不可行時，該規定
或命令乃構成一其不發生係契約作成所據
之基本前提之事件。

§ 265. Discharge By Supervening Frustration
Where, after a contract is made, a party's principal purpose is
substantially frustrated without his fault by the occurrence of an
event the non-occurrence of which was a basic assumption on which
the contract was made, his remaining duties to render performance
are discharged, unless the language or the circumstances indicate the
contrary.
第265條因嗣後之目的無法達成所致之消滅
除所用語文或情況有相反指示外，於一契
約作成後，一方當事人之主要目的嗣後非
因其過失而因其不發生係契約作成所據之
基本前提之事件之發生而致無法達成時，
該當事人所尚待實施履行之義務消滅。

§ 266. Existing Impracticability Or Frustration
(1) Where, at the time a contract is made, a party's performance
under it is impracticable without his fault because of a fact of
which he has no reason to know and the non-existence of which
is a basic assumption on which the contract is made, no duty to
render that performance arises, unless the language or
circumstances indicate the contrary.
(2) Where, at the time a contract is made, a party's principal purpose
is substantially frustrated without his fault by a fact of which he
has no reason to know and the non-existence of which is a basic
assumption on which the contract is made, no duty of that party
to render performance arises, unless the language or
circumstances indicate the contrary.
第266條現存之不可行或無法達成
(1) 除所用語文或情況有相反指示外，於一
契約作成時，當事人一方因該契約所應
為之履行義務非因其過失而因一其無
理由得知且其之不發生係契約作成所
據之基本前提之事實而致不可行時，不
生為該履行之義務。
(2) 除所用語文或情況有相反指示外，於一
契約時，一方當事人之主要目的嗣後非
因其過失而因一無理由得知其不發生
係契約作成所據之基本前提之事實而
致目的無法達成時，該當事人不生為履
行之義務。

§ 267. Effect On Other Party's Duties Of A Failure
Justified By Impracticability Or Frustration
(1) A party's failure to render or to offer performance may, except as
stated in Subsection (2), affect the other party's duties under the
rules stated in §§ 237 and 238 even though the failure is justified
under the rules stated in this Chapter.
(2) The rule stated in Subsection (1) does not apply if the other party
assumed the risk that he would have to perform despite such a
failure.
第267條因不可行或無法達成致有理
由之不能履行對他方當事人義務之影響
(1) 除第(2)項另有規定外，雖不能履行依本
章之規定係合理者，當事人之一方不能
為或提供履行得影響他方當事人依第
237條及第238條所規定之義務。
(2) 於該他方當事人承擔雖有該不能履行
其將仍為履行之危險時，第(1)項之規定
不適用之。

§ 268. Effect On Other Party's Duties Of A Prospective
Failure Justified By Impracticability Or Frustration
(1) A party's prospective failure of performance may, except as
stated in Subsection (2), discharge the other party's duties or
allow him to suspend performance under the rules stated in §§
251(1) and 253(2) even though the failure would be justified
under the rules stated in this Chapter.
(2) The rule stated in Subsection (1) does not apply if the other party
assumed the risk that he would have to perform in spite of such a
failure.
第268條因不可行或無法達成而有理
由預期不能履行對他方當事人義務之影響
(1) 除第(2)項另有規定外，雖不能履行依本
章之規應係有正當理由者，當事人一方
之預期不能履行得消滅他方當事人之
義務或使該他方依第251條第(1)項及第
253條第(2)項之規定終止履行。
(2) 於該他方當事人承擔雖有該不能履行
其仍將履行之危險時第(1)項之規定不
適用之。

§ 269. Temporary Impracticability Or Frustration
Impracticability of performance or frustration of purpose that is only
temporary suspends the obligor's duty to perform while the
impracticability or frustration exists but does not discharge his duty
or prevent it from arising unless his performance after the cessation
of the impracticability or frustration would be materially more
burdensome than had there been no impracticability or frustration.
第269條一時之不可行或無法達成
除該不可行或無法達成終止後其履行將比
無不可行或無法達成事由時形成更重大之
負擔外，於不可行或挫敗雖存在但不消滅
其義務或阻止該義務之發生時，履行之不
可行或目的之無法達成僅一時終止債務人
履行之義務。

§ 270. Partial Impracticability
Where only part of an obligor's performance is impracticable, his
duty to render the remaining part is unaffected if
(a) it is still practicable for him to render performance that is
substantial, taking account of any reasonable substitute
performance that he is under a duty to render
(b) the obligee, within a reasonable time, agrees to render any
remaining performance in full and to allow the obligor to
retain any performance that has already been rendered.
第270條部份之不可行
債務人之履行僅部份不可行時於下列情形
其就其部份為履行之義務不受影響。
(a) 考慮任何其有義務為之的合理替代
履行時，該債務人為實質之履行仍為
可行，或
(b) 債權人於一合理期間內同意完全為
任何尚待給付之履行且允許債務人
保留任何已完成之任何履行。

§ 271. Impracticability As Excuse For Non-Occurrence Of
A Condition
Impracticability excuses the non-occurrence of a condition if the
occurrence of the condition is not a material part of the agreed
exchange and forfeiture would otherwise result.
第271條不可行構成一條件不成就之免除
於其條件之成就並非所約定交換之一重要
部份，且若不如此權利將喪失時，不可行
之事由免除一條件之不成就。

§ 272. Relief Including Restitution
(1) In any case governed by the rules stated in this Chapter, either
party may have a claim for relief including restitution under the
rules stated in §§ 240 and 377.
(2) In any case governed by the rules stated in this Chapter, if those
rules together with the rules stated in Chapter 16 will not avoid
injustice, the court may grant relief on such terms as justice
requires including protection of the parties' reliance interests.
第272條救濟包括回復原狀
(1) 於任何適用本章規定之案件中，當事人
任一方得依第240條及第377條之規定
主張包括回復原狀在內之救濟。
(2) 於任何適用本章規定之案件中，如本章
規定加上第十六章之規定將不能避免
不公平之情形時，法院得基於公正之要
求給予包括保護當事人之信賴利益在
內之救濟。

Chapter 12 Discharge By Assent Or Alteration
Topic 1. The Requirement Of Consideration
§ 273. Requirement Of Consideration Or A Substitute
Except as stated in §§ 274-77, an obligee's manifestation of assent to
a discharge is not effective unless
(a) it is made for consideration
(b) it is made in circumstances in which a promise would be
enforceable without consideration
(c) it has induced such action or forbearance as would make a
promise enforceable.
第十二章因同意或更改而消滅債權
第一節約因之要件
第273條約因或一替代之要件
除第274條至第277條另有規定外，非有下
列情形之一者時，一債權人對債權消滅之
同意表示不生效力。
(a) 該債權消滅之作成有約因時，
(b) 該債權消滅一約定而於雖無約因仍
應執行之情況下作成，或
(c) 該債權消滅已誘引使一約定可執行之行為或不行為。

§ 274. Cancellation, Destruction Or Surrender Of A Writing
An obligee's cancellation, destruction or surrender to the obligor of a
writing of a type customarily accepted as a symbol or as evidence of
his right discharges without consideration the obligor's duty if it is
done with the manifested intention to discharge it.
第274條一書面之撤銷、毀損或拋棄
如其係以明示消滅之意思作成時，一債權
人對債務人就一習慣上認係其權利表徵或
證據之書面所為之撤銷，無約因地消滅該
債務人之義務。

§ 275. Assent To Discharge Duty Of Return Performance
If a party, before he has fully performed his duty under a contract,
manifests to the other party his assent to discharge the other party's
duty to render part or all of the agreed exchange, the duty is to that
extent discharged without consideration.
第275條消滅對待履行義務之同意
當事人一方於已完全履行其依一契約所生
之義務前，對他方當事人表示消滅該他方
當事人為所約定交換之一部或全部之義務
時，該義務於該範圍內無約因地消滅。

§ 276. Assent To Discharge Duty To Transfer Property
A duty of an obligor in possession of identified personal property to
transfer an interest in that property is discharged without
consideration if the obligee manifests to the obligor his assent to the
discharge of that duty.
第276條消滅移轉財產義務之同意
債權人對債務人表示其對消滅義務之同意
時，一占有特定動產之債務人移轉該財產
上利益之義務可無約因地消滅。

§ 277. Renunciation
(1) A written renunciation signed and delivered by the obligee
discharges without consideration a duty arising out of a breach of
contract.
(2) A renunciation by the obligee on his acceptance from the obligor
of some performance under a contract discharges without
consideration a duty to pay damages for a breach that gives rise
only to a claim for damages for partial breach of contract.
第277條棄權證明
(1) 一由債權人簽名及交付之書面棄權證
明無約因地消滅一因違反契約所生之
義務。
(2) 債權人自債務人受領一契約之部份履
行時所為之棄權證明無約因地消滅一
僅就部份違反契約所致損害賠償主張
而生之應就該違約給付損害賠償之義務。

Topic 2. Substituted Performance, Substituted Contract,
Accord And Account Stated
§ 278. Substituted Performance
(1) If an obligee accepts in satisfaction of the obligor's duty a
performance offered by the obligor that differs from what is due,
the duty is discharged.
(2) If an obligee accepts in satisfaction of the obligor's duty a
performance offered by a third person, the duty is discharged, but
an obligor who has not previously assented to the performance
for his benefit may in a reasonable time after learning of it render
the discharge inoperative from the beginning by disclaimer.
第二節替代履行、替代契約、新債清償與債務額之確定
第278條替代之履行
(1) 債權人受領一由債務人所提出與到期
者不同之履行而滿足其對該債務人義
務之權利時，該義務消滅。
(2) 債權人受領一由第三人所提出之一履
行而滿足其對債務人義務之權利時，該
義務消滅，但一先前未就為其利益提出
之履行表示同意之債務人得於知其情
事後之一般合理期間內提出一抗辯，使
該義務之消滅自始不生效力。

§ 279. Substituted Contract
(1) A substituted contract is a contract that is itself accepted by the
obligee in satisfaction of the obligor's existing duty.
(2) The substituted contract discharges the original duty and breach
of the substituted contract by the obligor does not give the
obligee a right to enforce the original duty.
第279條替代之契約
(1) 稱一替代契約者謂一由債權人受領而
對債務人既存義務滿足之契約。
(2) 替代契約消滅原義務且債務人對替代
契約之違反不使債權人有執行原義務
之權利。

§ 280. Novation
A novation is a substituted contract that includes as a party one who
was neither the obligor nor the obligee of the original duty.
第280條債之更新
稱債之更新者，係一包括既非原債權人亦
非原債務人在內之人為當事人一方之替代
性契約。

§ 281. Accord And Satisfaction
(1) An accord is a contract under which an obligee promises to
accept a stated performance in satisfaction of the obligor's
existing duty. Performance of the accord discharges the original
duty.
(2) Until performance of the accord, the original duty is suspended
unless there is such a breach of the accord by the obligor as
discharges the new duty of the obligee to accept the performance
in satisfaction. If there is such a breach, the obligee may enforce
either the original duty or any duty under the accord.
(3) Breach of the accord by the obligee does not discharge the
original duty, but the obligor may maintain a suit for specific
performance of the accord, in addition to any claim for damages
for partial breach.
第281條新債清償與滿足
(1) 稱新債清償者謂一債權人約定受領一
特定履行以滿足債務人既存義務之契
約，為新債清償契約所為之履行消滅原
義務。
(2) 除債務人就新債清償契約之違約消滅
債權人受領履行以滿足債權之新義務
外，在新債清償契約履行前原義務終
止。前述違約情形債權人得擇就原義務
或任何新債清償契約下之義務中的一
者執行之。
(3) 債權人就新債清償契約之違約不消滅
原義務，但債務人除得就任何部份違約
為損害賠償之主張外，尚得提起訴訟就
該新債清償契約為強制執行。

§ 282. Account Stated
(1) An account stated is a manifestation of assent by debtor and
creditor to a stated sum as an accurate computation of an amount
due the creditor. A party's retention without objection for an
unreasonably long time of a statement of account rendered by the
other party is a manifestation of assent.
(2) The account stated does not itself discharge any duty but is an
admission by each party of the facts asserted and a promise by
the debtor to pay according to its terms.
第282條債務額之確定陳述
(1) 稱債務額之確定陳述者謂債務人及債
權人就一確定數額作為債權人到其債
權額之確實計算所為之同意表示，當事
人一方於一非合理長之期間內就他方
債務人所提出之一債務額之確定陳
述，未為反對而為之保留視為同意之表示。
(2) 債務額確定陳述之本身並不消滅任何
義務但構成一雙方當事人對所主張事
實之承認，且構成一債務人依其條款清
償之約定。

Topic 3. Agreement Of Rescission, Release And Contract Not To Sue
§ 283. Agreement Of Rescission
(1) An agreement of rescission is an agreement under which each
party agrees to discharge all of the other party's remaining duties
of performance under an existing contract.
(2) (2) An agreement of rescission discharges all remaining duties of
performance of both parties. It is a question of interpretation
whether the parties also agree to make restitution with respect to
performance that has been rendered.
第三節解除之協定、免除及不提起訴訟之契約
第283條解除之協定
(1) 稱解除之協定謂一當事人雙方同意消
滅現存契約中他方當事人一切尚待履
行義務之協定。
(2) 一解除之協定消滅當事人雙方一切尚
待給付之履行義務，當事人雙方是否亦
同意就已完成之履行為回復原狀係屬一解釋問題。

§ 284. Release
(1) A release is a writing providing that a duty owed to the maker of
the release is discharged immediately or on the occurrence of a
condition.
(2) The release takes effect on delivery as stated in §§ 101-03 and,
subject to the occurrence of any condition, discharges the duty.
第284條免除
(1) 稱免除者謂一書面其規定他人對免除
人所負之義務於一條件成就時立即消滅。
(2) 免除於依第101條至第103條所規定之
交付而生效，且基於任何條件之成就，
消滅應履行之義務。

§ 285. Contract Not To Sue
(1) A contract not to sue is a contract under which the obligee of a
duty promises never to sue the obligor or a third person to
enforce the duty or not to do so for a limited time.
(2) Except as stated in Subsection (3), a contract never to sue
discharges the duty and a contract not to sue for a limited time
bars an action to enforce the duty during that time.
(3) A contract not to sue one co-obligor bars levy of execution on
the property of the promisee during the agreed time but does not
bar an action or the recovery of judgment against any co-obligor.
第285條不提起訴訟之契約
(1) 稱不提起訴訟之契約者謂一義務之債
權人約定絕不對債務人或第三人或於
一限定期間內不對之提起訴訟以執行
義務之契約。
(2) 除第(3)項另有規定外，一絕不提起訴訟
之契約消滅應履行之義務，而一於限定
期間內不提起訴訟之契約於該期間內
阻止執行應履行義務之訴訟。
(3) 對一共同債務人不提起訴訟之契約於
約定期間內阻止對受約定人財產之執
行但其並不阻止對任何其他共同債務
人之訴訟或判決之執行。

Topic 4. Alteration
§ 286. Alteration Of Writing
(1) If one to whom a duty is owed under a contract alters a writing
that is an integrated agreement or that satisfies the Statute of
Frauds with respect to that contract, the duty is discharged if the
alteration is fraudulent and material.
(2) An alteration is material if it would, if effective, vary any party's
legal relations with the maker of the alteration or adversely affect
that party's legal relations with a third person. The unauthorized
insertion in a blank space in a writing is an alteration.
第四節更改
第286條書面之更改
(1) 一契約義務之權利人更改完整協定或
更改就該契約言符合防止詐欺條例規
定之書面，如該更改係詐欺且重大時，
該義務消滅。
(2) 一更改於其有效時將改變任何當事人
與更改者間之法律關係或對該當事人
與第三人間之法律關係有不利影響
時，該更改為重大，就一書面之空白處
所為未經授權之插寫係一種更改。

§ 287. Assent To Or Forgiveness Of Alteration
(1) If a party, knowing of an alteration that discharges his duty,
manifests assent to the altered terms, his manifestation is
equivalent to an acceptance of an offer to substitute those terms.
(2) If a party, knowing of an alteration that discharges his duty,
asserts a right under the original contract or otherwise manifests
a willingness to remain subject to the original contract or to
forgive the alteration, the original contract is revived.
第287條對更改之同意或容忍
(1) 當事人一方於知悉一消滅其義務之更
改而對更改後之條款表示同意時，其該
表示與承諾一以該等條款替代之要約
具同等效力。
(2) 當事人一方於知悉一消滅其義務之更
改而主張原契約之權利或表示願意仍
受原契約之拘束或表示容忍該更改
時，該原契約視為未更改。

Chapter 13 Joint And Several Promisors And Promisees
Topic 1. Joint And Several Promisors
§ 288. Promises Of The Same Performance
(1) Where two or more parties to a contract make a promise or
promises to the same promisee, the manifested intention of the
parties determines whether they promise that the same
performance or separate performances shall be given.
(2) Unless a contrary intention is manifested, a promise by two or
more promisors is a promise that the same performance shall be
given.
第十三章連帶約定人及受約定人
第一節連帶約定人
第288條相同履行之約定
(1) 二人以上之契約當事人對相同受約定
人為一或多項約定時，當事人明示之意
思決定是否其約定給付相同之一履行
或分立之多數履行。
(2) 除另有明示之相反意思，二人以上約定
人所為之一約定係應給付相同履行之約定。

§ 289. Joint, Several, And Joint And Several Promisors Of
The Same Performance
(1) Where two or more parties to a contract promise the same
performance to the same promisee, each is bound for the whole
performance thereof, whether his duty is joint, several, or joint
and several.
(2) Where two or more parties to a contract promise the same
performance to the same promisee, they incur only a joint duty
unless an intention is manifested to create several duties or joint
and several duties.
(3) By statute in most states some or all promises which would
otherwise create only joint duties create joint and several duties.
第289條相同履行之共同、分立及連帶
約定人
(1) 二人以上之契約當事人向相同之受約
定人約定相同之履行時，不論其義務係
屬共同，分立或連帶與否，任一當事人
負全部履行之責任。
(2) 二人以上之契約當事人向相同之受約
定人約定相同之履行時，除有明示創設
分立或連帶之義務外，該等當事人只負
擔一共同義務。
(3) 依大多數州立成文法一些或全部只創
設共同義務之約定創設連帶債務。

§ 290. Compulsory Joinder Of Joint Promisors
(1) By statute in most states where the distinction between joint
duties and joint and several duties retains significance, an action
can be maintained against one or more promisors who incur only
a joint duty, even though other promisors subject to the same
duty are not served with process.
(2) In the absence of statute, an action can be maintained against
promisors who incur only a joint duty without joinder of those
beyond the jurisdiction of the court, the representatives of
deceased promisors, or those against whom the duty is not
enforceable at the time of suit.
第290條共同約定人之強制性牽連
(1) 依大多數州之成文法共同義務與連帶
義務之區分頗為重要，雖負擔相同義務
之其他約定人並未送達，對一或多數僅
負擔一共同義務之約定人得提起一訴訟。
(2) 成文法無規定時，對僅負擔一共同義務
之約定人得提起一訴訟而不牽連逾越
法院管轄權之人，罹疾病約定人之代表
或於訴訟時其義務不得執行之人。

§ 291. Judgment In An Action Against Co-Promisors
In an action against promisors of the same performance, whether
their duties are joint, several, or joint and several, judgment can
properly be entered for or against one even though no judgment or a
different judgment is entered with respect to another, except that
judgment for one and against another is improper where there has
been a determination on the merits and the liability of one cannot
exist without the liability of the other.
第291條對共同約定人訴訟之判決
除於曾為是非斷定且其中一人之責任無他
人之責任即無法存在之情況下，對一人勝
訴他人敗訴之判決係不適當之外，即使對
他人並無判決或判決結果不同，一對負擔
相同履行之約定人所進行之訴訟，不論該
等約定人之義務是否係共同、分立或連
帶，其判決得適當地為一部勝訴一部敗訴。

§ 292. Effect Of Judgment For Or Against Co-Promisors
(1) A judgment against one or more promisors does not discharge
other promisors of the same performance unless joinder of the
other promisors is required by the rule stated in § 290. By statute
in most states judgment against one promisor does not discharge
co-promisors even where such joinder is required.
(2) The effect of judgment for one or more promisors of the same
performance is determined by the rules of res judicata relating to
suretyship or vicarious liability.
第292條對共同約定人勝敗判決之效果
(1) 除依第290條之規定他約定人之牽連為
必要者外，對一或多數約定人之敗訴判
決並不消滅負擔相同履行之他約定人
之責任，依大多數州成文法之規定，即
使在前述牽連為必要之情況下，對一約
定人之敗訴判決並不消滅他共同約定
人之責任。
(2) 對一或多數負擔相同履行責任之約定
人勝訴判決之效果，由關於保證或代理
一責任之已決案件法則決定。

§ 293. Effect Of Performance Or Satisfaction On Co-Promisors
Full or partial performance or other satisfaction of the contractual
duty of a promisor discharges the duty to the obligee of each other
promisor of the same performance to the extent of the amount or
value applied to the discharge of the duty of the promisor who
renders it.
第293條履行或滿足對同約定人之效果
於適用於行為約定人之義務消滅數額或價
值之範圍內，一約定人之全部或部分之履
行或其他契約義務之滿足消滅每一負擔相
同履行責任之他約定人對債權人之義務。

§ 294. Effect Of Discharge On Co–Promisors
(1) Except as stated in § 295, where the obligee of promises of the
same performance discharges one promisor by release, rescission
or accord and satisfaction,
(a) co-promisors who are bound only by a joint duty are
discharged unless the discharged promisor is a surety for
the co-promisor
(b) co-promisors who are bound by joint and several duties or
by several duties are not discharged except to the extent
required by the law of suretyship.
(2) By statute in many states a discharge of one promisor does not
discharge other promisors of the same performance except to the
extent required by the law of suretyship.
(3) Any consideration received by the obligee for discharge of one
promisor discharges the duty of each other promisor of the same
performance to the extent of the amount or value received. An
agreement to the contrary is not effective unless it is made with a
surety and expressly preserves the duty of his principal.
第294條債務消滅對共同約定人之效果
(1) 除第295條另有規定外，於相同履行約
定之債權人以免除、解除或協議及滿足
消滅一約定人之責任時：
(a) 除責任消滅之約定人係共同約定
人之保證人外，一僅受共同義務拘
束之共同約定人其義務消滅。
(b) 除關於保證之法律另有規定外，受
連帶義務或分立義務拘束之共同
約定人其義務並不消滅。
(2) 除關於保證之法律另有規定外，依多數
州之成文法一約定人義務之消滅並不
消滅其他負擔相同履行約定人之義務。
(3) 由債權人受領以做為消滅一約定人之
任何對價，於該所受領之數額或價值範
圍內，消滅每一負擔相同履行責任之他
約定人之義務。除其係附有一保證且明
示保留其被保證人義務之外一與前述
規定相反之協定不生效力。

§ 295. Effect Of Contract Not To Sue; Reservation Of Rights
(1) Where the obligee of promises of the same performance
contracts not to sue one promisor, the other promisors are not
discharged except to the extent required by the law of suretyship.
(2) Words which purport to release or discharge a promisor and also
to reserve rights against other promisors of the same
performance have the effect of a contract not to sue rather than a
release or discharge.
(3) Any consideration received by the obligee for a contract not to
sue one promisor discharges the duty of each other promisor of
the same performance to the extent of the amount or value
received. An agreement to the contrary is not effective unless it
is made with a surety and expressly preserves the duty of his
principal.
第295條不提起訴訟之契約，與保留權利之效果
(1) 除有關保證之法律另有規定外，於相同
履行約定之債權人訂定對一約定人不
提起訴訟之契約時，他約定人之義務不消滅。
(2) 旨在免除或消滅一約定人義務且同時
保留對負擔相同履行責任之他約定人
主張權利之語句，生一不提起訴訟契約
之效果而不生免除或消滅義務之效果。
(3) 由債權人受領以作為對一約定人提起
訴訟契約之任何對價，於該所受領之數
額或價值範圍內，消滅每一負擔相同履
行責任之他約定人之義務，除其係附有
一保證且明示保留其被保證人義務之
外，一與前段規定相反之協定不生效力。

§ 296. Survivorship Of Joint Duties
On the death of one of two or more promisors of the same
performance in a contract, the estate of the deceased promisor is
bound by the contract, whether the duty was joint, several, or joint
and several.
第296條共同義務之存續性
無論該義務係共同、分立或連帶者，一契
約中負擔相同履行責任之二或多位約定人
中一人死亡時，該死亡之約定人之遺產受
該契約之拘束。

Topic 2. Joint And Several Promisees
§ 297. Obligees Of The Same Promised Performance
(1) Where a party to a contract makes a promise to two or more
promisees or for the benefit of two or more beneficiaries, the
manifested intention of the parties determines whether he
promises the same performance to all, a separate performance to
each, or some combination.
(2) Except to the extent that a different intention is manifested or
that the interests of the obligees in the performance or in the
remedies for breach are distinct, the rights of obligees of the
same performance are joint.
第二節連帶受約定人
第297條相同約定履行之債權人
(1) 於一契約當事人對二或多位受約定人
為約定或為二或多位受益人之利益為
約定時，當事人所明示之意思決定是否
其作成係對全體受約定人為相同之履
行，對每一位受約定人為一單獨履行或
前二種混合情況作成該允諾。
(2) 除有不同意思之表示或債權人因履行
或違約之所得之利益係明顯者外，相同
履行義務債權人之權利係共同性。

§ 298. Compulsory Joinder Of Joint Obligees
(1) In an action based on a joint right created by a promise, the
promisor by making appropriate objection can prevent recovery
of judgment against him unless there are joined either as
plaintiffs or as defendants all the surviving joint obligees.
(2) Except in actions on negotiable instruments and except as stated
in § 300, any joint obligee unless limited by agreement may sue
in the name of all the joint obligees for the enforcement of the
promise by a money judgment.
第298條共同債權人之強制牽連
(1) 除全體生存之債權人皆加入為原告或
被告之外，於一基於一約定所創共同權
利之訴訟中，約定人得以適當之反對表
示阻止對其主張賠償之判決。
(2) 除於票據訴訟及第300條另有規定外，
任何共同債權人除受協定限制外，得以
共同債權人全體之名義起訴求得一金
錢判決執行給付。

§ 299. Discharge By Or Tender To One Joint Obligee
Except where the promise is made in a negotiable instrument and
except as stated in § 300, any joint obligee, unless limited by
agreement, has power to discharge the promisor by receipt of the
promised performance or by release or otherwise, and tender to one
joint obligee is equivalent to a tender to all.
第299條共同侵權人所為之義務消滅或對之所為之給付
除票據上所為之約定及第300條另有規定
外，任何共同債權人，除受協定限制外，
有權以收受允諾之履行或免除或其他方式
消滅約定人之義務，且對共同債權人中一
人所為之給付相當於對全體為給付。

§ 300. Effect Of Violation Of Duty To A Co-Obligee
(1) If an obligee attempts or threatens to discharge the promisor in
violation of his duty to a co-obligee of the same performance, the
co-obligee may obtain an injunction forbidding the discharge.
(2) A discharge of the promisor by an obligee in violation of his duty
to a co-obligee of the same performance is voidable to the extent
necessary to protect the co-obligee's interest in the performance,
except to the extent that the promisor has given value or
otherwise changed his position in good faith and without
knowledge or reason to know of the violation.
第300條對共同侵權人所負義務違反之效果
(1) 如一債權人意圖或要脅消滅一違反對
負擔相同履行之一共同債權人所負義
務之約定人之義務時，該共同債權人得
取得一禁止命令以禁止該義務之消滅。
(2) 一債權人對一違反其對負擔相同履行
責任之一共同債權人所負義務之約定
人，而所為之消滅義務表示，於保護該
共同債權人之履行利益所必要之限度內，其效力未定。

§ 301. Survivorship Of Joint Rights
On the death of a joint obligee, unless a contrary intention was
manifested, the surviving obligees are solely entitled as against the
promisor to receive performance, to discharge the promisor, or to
sue for the enforcement of the promise by a money judgment. On the
death of the last surviving obligee, only his estate is so entitled.
第301條共同權利之殘餘性
除有相反意思之表示外，一共同債權人死
亡時，僅生存之債權人有權對約定人受領
履行，消滅約定人之義務，或起訴求得一
金錢之判決以執行約定，於最後一位生存
之債權人死亡時，僅其遺產有權主張前述
權利。