Topic 2. Privileges Arising Irrespective Of Any Transaction
Between The Parties
§ 191. Use Of Premises Of Public Utility
A patron of a public utility is privileged, at reasonable times and in a
reasonable manner, to be upon any part of the land in the possession
of the utility which is provided for the use of the public or necessary
for their enjoyment of its facilities.
第二節 非基於當事人間交易行為而生
之免責特殊權利
第191條 公用事業之土地房屋之使用
公用事業之顧客得於合理時間、以合理方式
出現於該公用事業占有而提供大眾使用之
土地或為使顧客享受其設備必要之土地，而
享有免責特殊權利。
§ 192. Use Of Public Highway 第192條 公路之使用
A traveler is privileged to enter that part of the land in the possession
of another upon which there is a public highway, in so far as his
presence there is in the reasonable use of the highway.
旅客所進入之公路係座落於他人占有之土
地者。如其出現於該土地為公路之合理使用
者，有免責特殊權利。
§ 193. Use Of Navigable Stream
A person is privileged to navigate in a reasonable manner navigable
waters situated on land in the possession of another.
第193條 適於航行河流之使用
於他人土地之適於航行河流，任何人得以合
理方式航行，而享有免責特殊權利。
§ 194. Travel Through Air Space
[The Section is omitted. The matter is now covered by § 159.]
第194條 空中之航行
【本條刪除；有關事項規定於第159 條】
§ 195. Deviation From Public Highway
(1)A traveler on a public highway who reasonably believes that such
highway is impassable, is privileged, when he reasonably believes
it to be necessary in order to continue his journey, to enter, to a
reasonable extent and in a reasonable manner, upon neighboring
land in the possession of another, unless the condition of the
highway has been caused by the tortuous conduct of the traveler,
or he has had a reasonable opportunity to avoid its use.
(2)A traveler who exercises the privilege stated in subsection (1) is
subject to liability for resulting harm to any legally protected
interest of the possessor in the land or connected with it, except
where the condition of the highway is caused by the tortuous
conduct or contributory negligence of the possessor.
第195條 使用公路之偏離
(1)公路之旅客合理地相信該公路不通，如
其合理地相信為繼續其行程必須進入他
人占有之公路毗連土地、以合理方式進
入其合理之範圍內者，有免責之特殊權
利。但公路不通之情況係因旅客之侵權
行為所致，或旅客有合理機會避免使用
該土地者，不在此限。
(2)旅客行使前項所規定之免責特殊權利
時，就該土地占有人之土地或有關之法
律上保護利益所致之傷害，應負責任。
但公路之情況係因該土地占有人之侵權
行為所致、或該土地占有人與有過失
者，不在此限。
§ 196. Public Necessity
One is privileged to enter land in the possession of another if it is, or
if the actor reasonably believes it to be, necessary for the purpose of
averting an imminent public disaster.
第196條 公共需要
為避免當前危急之公共災害或行為人合理
地相信為避免當前危急之公共災害，而進入
他人占有之土地者，有免責之特殊權利。
§ 197. Private Necessity
(1)One is privileged to enter or remain on land in the possession of
another if it is or reasonably appears to be necessary to prevent
serious harm to
(a) the actor, or his land or chattels, or
(b) the other or a third person, or the land or chattels of either,
unless the actor knows or has reason to know that the one for
whose benefit he enters is unwilling that he shall take such
action.
第197條 私人需要
(1)行為人於下列規定之情形，有進入或停
留於他人土地之免責特殊權利，如其進
入或停留於該土地係為避免或合理的顯
示係為避免對下列之人或物之嚴重傷
害：
(a) 行為人、其土地或動產；或
(b) 該他人(指土地占有人)、第三人、或
該他人及第三人之土地或動產。但行
為人知悉或有理由知悉為其利益而
進入土地之人並不願意行為人採取
此種行動者，不在此限。
(2)Where the entry is for the benefit of the actor or a third person, he
is subject to liability for any harm done in the exercise of the
privilege stated in Subsection (1) to any legally protected interest
of the possessor in the land or connected with it, except where the
threat of harm to avert which the entry is made is caused by the
tortious conduct or contributory negligence of the possessor.
(2)進入土地係為行為人或第三人之利益
者，行為人於行使前項規定之免責特殊
權利而致占有人之土地或有關之法律上
保護利益之傷亡，應負責任。但土地占
有人為阻止行為人之進入土地之侵權行
為或與有過失而致傷害者，不在此限。
§ 198. Entry To Reclaim Goods On Land Without Wrong
Of Actor
(1)One is privileged to enter land in the possession of another, at a
reasonable time and in a reasonable manner, for the purpose of
removing a chattel to the immediate possession of which the actor
is entitled, and which has come upon the land otherwise than with
the actor's consent or by his tortuous conduct or contributory
negligence.
(2)The actor is subject to liability for any harm done in the exercise
of the privilege stated in Subsection (1) to any legally protected
interest of the possessor in the land or connected with it, except
where the chattel is on the land through the tortuous conduct or
contributory negligence of the possessor.
第198條 非可歸責於行為人之事由置於
他人土地之物取回而進入他人土地
(1)行為人有即時占有權之動產，因行為人
之同意、侵權行為或與有過失以外之其
他事由，置於他人占有之土地，行為人
得於合理期間，以合理方式，為取回該
動產而進入他人占有之土地，而享有免
責特殊權利。
(2)行為人行使前項所規定之免責特殊權利
時，就該土地占有人之土地或有關之法
律上保護利益所致之傷害，應負責任。
但該動產係因土地占有人之侵權行為或
與有過失而置於其土地者，不在此限。
§ 199. Entry On Another's Land To Relieve Actor's Land
Of Goods On Actor's Land Without His Wrong
(1)One is privileged to enter land in the possession of another, at a
reasonable time and in a reasonable manner, for the purpose of
relieving land, of which the actor is in possession, of a chattel
which has come upon his land otherwise than with the actor's
consent or by his tortuous conduct or contributory negligence, and
to the possession of which the other was entitled at the time it
came there.
(2)The actor is not liable for harm done in the exercise of the
privilege stated in Subsection (1) unless the harm is unnecessary
or unreasonable.
第199條 行為人就非可歸責之事由而置
於其土地之物移離而進入他人土地
(1)行為人之同意、侵權行為或與有過失以
外之其他事由而置於其占有之土地之動
產，行為人為將該動產移離其占有之土
地，對於該動產置於其土地之時有占有
權之人，得於合理時間、以合理方式進
入該有動產占有權之人所占有之土地，
而有免責之特殊權利。
(2)行為人行使前項規定之免責特殊權利而
致之傷害，毋須負責。但傷害係無必要
或不合理者，不在此限。
§ 200. Entry To Reclaim, Or To Relieve Land Of, Goods
Which Are Where They Are By Wrong Of Actor
If a chattel is where it is by reason of the tortious conduct or
contributory negligence of the actor, he is not privileged, except in
case of public or private necessity, to enter land in the possession of
another for the purpose of
(a) removing the chattel from such land, or
(b) relieving his own land of the chattel.
第200條 行為人因可歸責於己之事由而
其物置於他人土地之取回，或因可歸責
於行為人之事由而置於其土地之物之移
離而進入他人土地
因行為人之侵權行為或與有過失而動產置
於(某)土地，除為公共或私人之當前危急需
要外，行為人為下列目的而進入他人占有之
土地，不得主張免責特殊權利：
(a)將該動產自該土地移離；或
(b)將該動產自行為人所占有之土地移離。
§ 201. Entry To Abate Private Nuisance 第201條 為消除私人惱神思而進入他人
(1)An entry on land in the possession of another by a possessor of
neighboring land is privileged if the entry is made
(a) for the purpose of abating a structure or other condition on the
land, which constitutes a private nuisance to the actor's
possessory interest in the other land, and
(b) at a reasonable time and in a reasonable manner, and
(c) after the possessor upon demand has failed to abate the
nuisance, or without such demand if the actor reasonably
believes it to be impractical or useless.
(2)The privilege stated in Subsection (1) is also available to owners
of easements and of non-possessory estates in land which are
detrimentally affected by the nuisance.
占有之土地
(1)進入其鄰近土地占有人所占有之土地，
如符合下列規定，其進入他人占有之土
地為免責之特殊權利：
(a) 該他人土地之建造物或其他情況構
成對於行為人就其他土地占有利益
之私人惱神思；其進入係為消除、減
免該建造物或其他情況；而且
(b) 其進入他人占有之土地，係於合理期
間，以合理方式為之；而且
(c) 其進入他人占有之土地，係於土地占
有人經要求而仍怠於消除惱神思之
後為之；或雖未作如此要求而進入，
但行為人合理地相信該要求不切實
際或無用。
(2)前項所規定之免責特殊權利，對於地役
權人或非占有之土地權利人，如其享受
或利用土地之利益受惱神思之損害時，
亦得享有之。
§ 202. Abatement Of Public Nuisance By Public Official
A public officer who by virtue of his office or by statute is authorized
to abate a public nuisance, is privileged, at a reasonable time and in a
reasonable manner, to enter land in the possession of another for the
purpose of abating such a nuisance.
第202條 公務員之消除公共惱神思
公務員因其職位或成文法規之授權應消除
公共惱神思，於合理時間，以合理方式為消
除惱神思而進入他人占有之土地者，有免責
之特殊權利。
§ 203. Abatement Of Public Nuisance By Private Person
(1)Except as stated in Subsection (2) and in cases of public and
private necessity, a private person is not privileged to enter land in
the possession of another for the purpose of abating a public
nuisance.
(2)A private person to whom a public nuisance causes or threatens a
special harm is privileged to abate the nuisance under the same
conditions as if it were a private nuisance.
第203條 私人之消除私人惱神思
(1)除本條第2項之規定及為公共或私人當
前危急需要外，私人為消除公共惱神思
而進入他人占有之土地者，不得享有免
責之特殊權利。
(2)公共惱神思導致特別傷害或有特別傷害
之威脅者，該受特別傷害之私人，得於
消除私人惱神思之同樣條件下，享有免
責特殊權利。
§ 204. Entry To Arrest For Criminal Offense
The privilege to make an arrest for a criminal offense carries with it
the privilege to enter land in the possession of another for the purpose
of making such an arrest, if the person sought to be arrested is on the
land or if the actor reasonably believes him to be there.
第204條 為逮捕嫌疑犯而進入
有逮捕犯罪嫌疑犯之免責特殊權利之人，亦
有為逮捕之必要而進入他人占有之土地之
免責特殊權利，惟被追捕之人須於該土地
上，或行為人合理地相信被追捕之人於該土
地上。
§ 205. Entry To Recapture Or To Prevent Crime And In
Related Situations
第205條 為追捕逃犯或避免犯罪及有關
情勢而進入
The following privileges carry with them the privilege to enter land in
the possession of another for the purpose of exercising the particular
privilege, if the person sought is on the land or the actor reasonably
believes him to be there: the privilege
(a) to recapture a person previously arrested in criminal or civil
proceedings or a convicted prisoner, or
(b) to take into custody under a warrant, valid or fair on its face, one
who has been adjudged a lunatic, or
(c) to recapture a person who having been adjudged a lunatic has been
taken into custody, or
(d) to take into custody a person for whose appearance in court
security has been given by the actor, or
(e) to prevent one from committing a serious crime or to detain a
dangerous lunatic.
有下列免責特殊權利之人，亦有為行使其特
定免責特殊權利而被尋覓之人於土地上或
行為人合理地相信其於土地上者，有進入該
為他人占有之土地之免責特殊權利：
(a) 為追捕先前之刑事訴訟程序或民事訴訟
程序被逮捕之人或經判決有罪而服刑期
之人之免責特殊權利；或
(b) 依有效之逮捕令或就其表面顯示其為真
實之逮捕令，將經判決有精神障礙之人
拘押之免責特殊權利；或
(c) 被宣判為精神障礙經拘押而逃離之人之
逮捕之免責特殊權利；或
(d) 行為人提供擔保該人於法院命令時出庭
而由行為人拘押之免責特殊權利；或
(e) 為避免他人犯嚴重犯罪行為或拘押具有
危險性之精神障礙之人之免責特殊權
利。
§ 206. Forcible Entry Of Dwelling To Arrest, Recapture,
Prevent Crime, And Related Situations
(1)The privileges to enter land stated in §§ 204 and 205 carry with
them the privilege to use force to enter a dwelling if the person
sought to be taken into custody is in the dwelling. Such force may
be used only after explanation and demand for admittance, unless
the actor reasonably believes such demand to be impractical or
useless.
(2)Although the person sought is not in the dwelling, the actor is
privileged to use force as stated in subsection (1) if he reasonably
believes him to be there, and enters in the exercise of a privilege
(a) to make a criminal arrest under a warrant valid or fair on its
face, or
(b) to make a criminal arrest under an order of a court acting
within its jurisdiction, or
(c) to effect a recapture on fresh pursuit of one who has been
lawfully arrested on civil or criminal proceedings or who is a
convicted prisoner, or
(d) to take into custody under a warrant valid or fair on its face, or
to recapture on fresh pursuit, one who has been adjudged a
lunatic, or
(e) to take into custody a person for whose appearance in court
security has been given by the actor, or
(f) to prevent one from committing a serious crime or to control a
dangerous lunatic.
第206條 為逮捕、再逮捕、避免犯罪及
有關之情勢而使用力量進入住宅
(1)第204條及第205條所規定之進入土地之
免責特殊權利，亦伴隨而有就擬予拘押
之人於住宅時，使用力量以進入住宅之
免責特殊權利。此種力量僅於作說明及
要求準許進入(被拒絕)之後方得為之；但
行為人合理地相信此種要求不切實際或
無用時，不在此限。
(2)縱然擬予逮捕之人並非於住宅，但如行
為人合理地相信該人於住宅內，並且其
進入係為行使下列之免責特殊權利時，
亦有前項之使用力量進入住宅之免責特
殊權利：
(a) 進入係依有效之逮捕令或表面顯示
其為有效之逮捕令而逮捕嫌疑犯；或
(b) 進入係依法院於其管轄權範圍內所
下命令而逮捕嫌疑犯；
(c) 進入係為再逮捕正追捕中之依民事
訴訟程序或刑事訴訟程序合法逮捕
之人或經判決有罪服刑之人而逃亡
者；或
(d) 進入係依有效之傳票令或表面上顯
示其為有效之逮捕令而逮捕經判決
為精神障礙之人，或為再逮捕正追捕
中之經判決為精神障礙之人；或
(e) 進入係行為人提供擔保該人於法院
命令時出庭而由行為人拘押；或
(f) 進入係為避免他人犯嚴重犯罪行為
或拘押具有危險性之精神障礙之人。
§ 207. Entry To Assist In Making Arrest Or Other
Apprehension
The privilege to assist in making an arrest or other apprehension
carries with it the same privilege to enter land in the possession of
another for the purpose of rendering such assistance which the actor
would have if he were himself privileged to make the arrest or
apprehension.
第207條 協助逮捕或其他拘捕而進入
協助依法逮捕或拘捕之免責特殊權利伴隨
而使協助人亦有如行為人自行逮捕或拘捕
而進入他人占有土地之免責特殊權利。
§ 208. Entry To Execute Civil Process Against Occupant Of
Land
(1)The privilege to execute civil process pursuant to a writ which is
either valid or fair on its face, carries with it the privilege to enter
land in the possession of another for the purpose of executing such
process against the person, land, or goods of the possessor or an
occupant of the land.
(2)The actor is not privileged to break and enter a dwelling in order
to execute such process, unless he has already peaceably and
without fraud entered the dwelling and has been forcibly ejected
before completion of the execution of the process.
第208條 向土地占有人執行民事程序而
進入其土地
(1)依有效之法院令狀或就其表面顯示其為
有效之法院令狀以執行民事程序之免責
特殊權利，而執行該程序之對象為他
人、土地、占有人之財產或土地之占有
人時，伴隨而有進入他人占有之免責特
殊權利。
(2)行為人為執行此種程序，不得享有侵入
他人住宅之免責特殊權利。但如行為人
已和平、無詐欺進入該住宅，卻於完成
執行該程序之前受到以力量逐出者，不
在此限。
§ 209. Entry To Execute Civil Process Against
Non-Occupant Of Land
(1)The privilege to execute civil process pursuant to a writ which is
either valid or fair on its face carries with it the privilege to enter
land in the possession of another, for the purpose of executing
such process against the person or goods of a third person not an
occupant of the land, if the person or goods subject to process are
on the land or the possessor of the land has led the actor
reasonably to believe that such is the case.
(2)The actor is not privileged to break and enter a dwelling in order
to execute the process except where
(a) the possessor has permitted the third person to enter or the
goods to be placed in the dwelling in order to avoid the
execution of process, and a demand for admittance has been
refused by the possessor, or
(b) the actor, having once peaceably and without fraud gained an
entrance, is forcibly ejected before he can complete the
execution of the process.
第209條 就非土地占有人之民事程序之
執行而進入土地
(1)依有效之法院令狀或表面上顯示其為真
實之法院令狀以執行民事程序之免責特
殊權利，於執行該程序之對象為非土地
占有人之第三人或第三人之物，而該第
三人或第三人之物於土地上，或土地占
有人使行為人合理地相信該第三人或第
三人之物於其土地上時，行為人為執行
該程序伴隨而有進入該他人占有之土地
之免責特殊權利。
(2)行為人為執行前項之程序，不得享有侵
入住宅之免責特殊權利；但有下列情形
之一者，不在此限：
(a) 占有人准予執行對象之第三人進入
其住宅或執行對象之物置於其住
宅，以避免程序之執行；而且進入住
宅之要求，為占有人所拒絕；或
(b) 行為人已和平、無詐欺進入，但於完
成執行該程序之前受到以力量逐出。
§ 210. Entry Pursuant To Order Of Court
The privilege to execute an order of a court directing the actor to put a
第210條 依據法院命令而進入
行為人有依法院命令之指示使第三人占有
third person in possession of land of which another is in possession, or
to do any other act on the land, carries with it the privilege to enter the
land for the purpose of executing the order, provided that any writ
issued for the execution of the order is valid or fair on its face.
經他人占有之土地之免責特殊權利，或有依
法院命令之指示而就土地作處置之免責特
殊權利時，亦伴隨而有為執行該命令而進入
該土地之免責特殊權利。但為執行法院命令
而由法院簽發之令狀須為有效，或其表面顯
示其為真實。
§ 211. Entry Pursuant To Legislative Duty Or Authority
A duty or authority imposed or created by legislative enactment
carries with it the privilege to enter land in the possession of another
for the purpose of performing or exercising such duty or authority in
so far as the entry is reasonably necessary to such performance or
exercise, if, but only if, all the requirements of the enactment are
fulfilled.
第211條 本於立法機關所附加之責任或
所授與之權限而進入
立法機關之法律附加責任或授與之權限，行
為人於履行或執行該責任或權限而進入他
人占有之土地時，如其進入他人占有之土地
係為履行或執行之合理必要，而且成文法所
規定之條件均符合者，有免責之特殊權利。
Topic 3. Collateral Privileges Of One Entering Land Under
Authority Of Law
§ 212. Privilege To Use Force Against The Person
(1)One who is privileged to enter land is further privileged to use
such force against the person of the possessor or third persons as is
necessary, or reasonably believed by the actor to be necessary, to
accomplish the purpose of the privilege, if the entry is made
(a) because of public necessity as stated in § 196, or
(b) because of private necessity as stated in § 197, or
(c) to arrest a criminal as stated in § 204, or
(d) to recapture a person previously arrested, to prevent a
commission of a crime, or to make an arrest as stated in §§
205, 206, or 207, or
(e) to execute civil process as stated in §§ 208 or 209, or
(f) pursuant to a court order as stated in § 210, or
(g) except as limited by statute, pursuant to legislative duty or
authority as stated in § 211.
(2)One who is privileged to enter land to remove a thing from it as
stated in §§ 177-183 or § 198 is further privileged to use force
against the person of the possessor or third persons if necessary, or
reasonably believed by the actor to be necessary, to accomplish
the purpose of the privilege only to the same extent that he would
be privileged to use such force to retake the thing from the person
of the other as stated in §§ 100-111.
(3)One who enters land with the consent of the possessor as stated in
第三節 依法進入土地之附屬免責特殊
權利
第212條 使用力量以對付人之免責特殊
權利
(1)有進入土地之免責特殊權利之人，就下
列目的之完成而進入者，得於必要時或
行為人合理地相信必要時，使用力量以
對付土地占有人或第三人身體之附屬免
責特殊權利：
(a) 係為第196條所規定之公共需要；或
(b) 係為第197條所規定之私人需要；或
(c) 係為第204條所規定之逮捕嫌疑犯；
或
(d) 係為第205條、第206條或第207條所
規定之再逮捕先前已逮捕之人、避免
犯罪或逮捕。或
(e) 係為第208條、第209條所規定之民事
執行程序；或
(f) 係為第210條所規定之基於法院命
令；或
(g) 除成文法另有限制外，係為依第211
條所規定之依立法機關之成文法所
附加之責任或授與之權限。
(2)依第 177 條至第183 條或第198 條所規
定之享有免責特殊權利之人，為完成其
進入之目的於第100 條至第111 條所規
定之使用力量自他人取回物之免責特殊
權利之範圍內，得於必要時，或行為人
合理地相信必要時，使用力量以對付土
地占有人或第三人身體之附屬免責特殊
權利。
(3)依第 167 條之規定，因占有人之同意而
§ 167 is privileged to use only such force against the person as is
permitted by his license or as is reasonably necessary to his
withdrawal as stated in § 176.
(4)One who is privileged to enter land to abate a public nuisance as
stated in §§ 202 and 203 is further privileged to use force not
amounting to a breach of the peace against the person of the
possessor or third persons if necessary, or reasonably believed by
the actor to be necessary, to accomplish the purpose of the
privilege; but he is not privileged to use force against the person
amounting to a breach of the peace.
(5)One who is privileged to enter land is not privileged to use force
against the person to accomplish the purpose of the privilege if he
enters
(a) to rid himself of a thing wrongfully on his own land as stated
in § 184, or
(b) as owner entitled to immediate possession of the land as stated
in § 185, or
(c) pursuant to an easement or profit as stated in § 188, or
(d) to relieve his land of goods there without his wrong as stated
in § 199, or
(e) to abate a private nuisance as stated in § 201.
進入土地之人僅得於其許可之範圍或其
離開該土地之合理必要範圍內(有如第
176 條之規定而為之)，有使用力量以對
付人之免責特殊權利。
(4)依第 202 條、第203 條規定，有進入他
人土地以消除公共惱神思之免責特殊權
利者，得於必要時，或行為人合理地相
信必要時，為完成其進入之目的，使用
不致破壞和平之力量以對抗占有人或第
三人之免責特殊權利；但無使用力量以
對抗人而致破壞和平之免責特殊權利。
(5)有進入他人土地以完成下列目的之免責
特殊權利，但無使用力量對抗人之免責
特殊權利：
(a) 其進入係為有如第 184 條所規定之
移離未依法移離其土地之物；或
(b) 其進行係依第185 條規定，土地占有
人就土地有即時占有權而進入；或
(c) 其進入係依第188 條之規定；或
(d) 其進入係依第199 條之規定，就非可
歸責於行為人之事由而置於其土地
之物移離；或
(e) 其進入係依第201 條之規定，為消除
私人惱神思。
§ 213. Privilege To Break And Enter Enclosure Or Building
(1)One who is privileged to enter land is further privileged to break
and enter a fence, or other enclosure or a dwelling or other
building, if it is reasonably necessary, or is reasonably believed by
the actor to be necessary, to accomplish the purpose of the
privilege, where he is acting
(a) as former licensee leaving the land as stated in § 176, or
(b) as owner entitled to immediate possession of the land as stated
in § 185, or
(c) because of public necessity as stated in § 196, or private
necessity as stated in § 197, or
(d) to abate a private nuisance as stated in § 201, or
(e) to abate a public nuisance as stated in §§ 202 and 203, or
(f) pursuant to a court order as stated in § 210, or
(g) if the goods have been feloniously taken by the possessor of
the land or by a third person to the possessor's knowledge, to
reclaim the goods as stated in § 198, or
(h) under the circumstances stated in § 206 to recapture a person
previously arrested, to prevent the commission of a crime or to
make an arrest as stated in §§ 204, 205, and 207, or
(i) to execute civil process as stated in § 208(2) and § 209(2), or
第213條 侵入圍牆或建築物之免責特殊
權利
(1)有進入土地之免責特殊權利之人，就下
列目的之完成而進入者，得於必要時或
行為人合理地相信必要時、侵入圍牆、
籬笆、住宅或其他建築物(而享有免責特
殊權利)：
(a) 係為第176條所規定之先前取得許
可之人之離開土地；或
(b) 係以第185條所規定之有即時占有
權之土地所有權人(而進入土地)；或
(c) 係因第196條所規定之公共需要或
第197條所規定之私人需要；或
(d) 係為第201條所規定之消除私人惱
神思；或
(e) 係為第202條或第203條所規定之消
除公共惱神思；或
(f) 係如第210條所規定之依據法院命
令(而進入)；或
(g) 係為第198條所規定之因土地占有
人或第三人之於占有人知悉情況下
所取走物，而將之取回；或
(h) 於第206條所規定之情況而再逮捕
逃犯、避免犯罪、逮捕等有如第204
條、第205條及第207條之規定；或
(i) 係依第208條第2項及第209條第2項
(j) except as limited by statute, pursuant to legislative duty or
authority as stated in § 211.
(2)One who enters land with the consent of the possessor as stated in
§ 167 is privileged to break a fence or other enclosure or to break
into a dwelling or other building only to the extent that such
conduct is permitted by his license.
(3)One who is privileged to enter land is further privileged to break
and enter a fence or other enclosure, or a building other than a
dwelling, but is not privileged to break and enter a dwelling, if it is
necessary, or is reasonably believed by the actor to be necessary,
to accomplish the purpose of the privilege, and he enters
(a) to remove a thing as stated in §§ 177-184, or
(b) as reversionary or remainder man, to view waste, make
repairs, or remove things severed as stated in § 186, or
(c) pursuant to an easement or profit as stated in § 188, or
(d) to use a public highway as stated in § 192, or
(e) to use a navigable stream as stated in § 193, or
(f) to deviate from a public highway as stated in § 195, or
(g) to reclaim goods on the land without his wrong as stated in §
198, or
(h) to relieve his land of goods there without his wrong as stated
in § 199, or
(i) except as stated in Subsection (1) of this Section, to reclaim
goods, to make an arrest, to recapture a person previously
arrested, to prevent the commission of a crime, to execute
civil process, or to perform a legislative duty as stated in §§
198, 204, 205, 207, 208, 209, and 211.
之規定而執行民事程序；或
(j) 係如第211條，除非成文法另有限
制，依據立法機關所附加之責任或
所授與之權限(而進入)。
(2)依第167條之規定，經占有人同意而有進
入土地之免責特殊權利者，亦有於土地
占有人許可之範圍內，侵入圍牆或其他
籬笆、侵入住宅或其他建築物之免責特
殊權利。
(3)有進入土地之免責特殊權利之人，就下
列目的之完成而進入者，得於必要時，
或行為人合理地相信必要時，得侵入圍
牆或其他籬笆、侵入住宅以外之其他建
築物而享有免責特殊權利：
(a) 係為如第 177 條至第184 條所規定之
移離物；或
(b) 係為如第186 條所規定，有回復權或
遺留權之人(進入土地)以查閱毀
損、修繕或將切斷之物移離；或
(c) 依為第 188 條所規定之地役權；或
(d) 依為如第 192 條所規定之使用公
路；或
(e) 係為如第 193 條所規定之使用適於
航行之河流；或
(f) 係為如第 195 條所規定之使用公路
之偏離；或
(g) 係為如第 198 條所規定之非可歸責
於己之事由置於他人土地之物之取
回；或
(h) 係為如第 199 條所規定之非可歸責
於己之事由置於其土地上之物之移
離；或
(i) 除本條第1 項之規定外，係為第198
條、第204 條、第205 條、第207
條、第208 條、第209 條及第211
條所規定之取回物、逮捕、再逮捕先
前已逮捕之逃犯、避免犯罪、執行民
事程序或履行立法機關所附加之責
任。
Topic 4. Effect Of Actor's Misconduct
§ 214. Liability For Excess; Trespass Ab Initio
(1)An actor who has in an unreasonable manner exercised any
privilege to enter land is subject to liability for any harm to a
legally protected interest of another caused by such unreasonable
conduct.
(2)One who properly enters land in the exercise of any privilege to do
so, and thereafter commits an act which is tortuous, is subject to
liability only for such tortuous act, and does not become liable for
his original lawful entry, or for his lawful acts on the land prior to
第四節 行為人之不當行為之效力
第214條 逾越必要範圍之責任
(1)行為人以不合理方式行使進入他人土地
之免責特殊權利時，因其不合理行為致
他人之法律保護利益受傷害，應負責任。
(2)行為人就有進入他人土地之免責特殊權
利而適當地進入，其後實行侵權行為
者，僅就該侵權行為負責，毋須就其原
先之合法進入土地負責，亦毋須就其侵
the tortuous conduct. 權行為之前於土地上之合法行為負責。
§ 215. Termination Of Privilege By Excess
The abuse of any privilege to enter land by intentionally doing an act
which is tortuous as to a possessor or lawful occupant of the land
(a) does not terminate the actor's privilege to be on the land to effect
the purpose for which the privilege is given, if the privilege is
given for the purpose of preserving or protecting an interest of the
public, except as stated in Clause (b, ii);
(b) does terminate the actor's privilege to be on the land
(i) if the privilege is given to the actor solely for the purpose of
preserving or protecting a private interest of his own, or
(ii) if the privilege, although in aid of a public interest, is created by
a legislative enactment, and the abuse consists in a failure to
comply strictly with the conditions prescribed.
第215條 因逾越行為而終止免責特殊權
利
濫用進入他人土地之免責特殊權利而對土
地占有人或合法據有人實行故意侵權行為
者：
(a) 如該免責特殊權利係為保存或保護公共
利益時，並不因行為人之故意侵權行為
而終止為使行為人實踐該目的而進入他
人占有之土地之免責特殊權利，但有第
二款第二目所規定之情形者，不在此限；
(b) 於下列之情形，行為人之免責特殊權利
因行為人之故意侵權行為而終止：
(i) 該免責特殊權利係僅為保存或保護其
私人利益；或
(ii) 該免責特殊權利雖為協助公共利益而
由成文法所賦與，但行為人之濫用該
權利係怠於嚴格遵守其所規定之條
件。
Chapter 9. Intentional Invasions Of Interests In The
Present And Future Possession Of Chattels
Topic 1. Trespass To Chattels
§ 216. Definition Of Possession Of Chattel
In the Restatement of this Subject, a person who is in “possession of a
chattel” is one who has physical control of the chattel with the intent
to exercise such control on his own behalf, or on behalf of another.
第九章 對動產之當前占有及未來占有
利益之故意侵犯
第一節 對於動產之故意侵犯
第216條 動產占有之定義
於本整編中，「動產占有」之人係指有為自
己或為他人行使實體控制該動產之意圖(故
意)，而實體控制該動產之人。
§ 217. Ways Of Committing Trespass To Chattel
A trespass to a chattel may be committed by intentionally
(a) dispossessing another of the chattel, or
(b) using or intermeddling with a chattel in the possession of another.
第217條 實施故意侵犯動產之方式
對動產之故意侵犯，得以下列方式為之：
(a) 故意剝奪他人對動產之占有；或
(b) 故意就他人占有之動產而利用，或就他
人占有之動產予以干擾。
§ 218. Liability To Person In Possession
One who commits a trespass to a chattel is subject to liability to the
possessor of the chattel if, but only if,
(a) he dispossesses the other of the chattel, or
(b) the chattel is impaired as to its condition, quality, or value, or
(c) the possessor is deprived of the use of the chattel for a substantial
第218條 對占有人之責任
對動產實行故意侵權行為者，於下列情形，
但也僅於下列情形，對該動產之占有人負
責：
(a) 剝奪該他人對動產之占有；或
(b) 動產之情況、品質或價值受破壞；或
(c) 占有人之使用該動產受相當期間之剝
time, or
(d) bodily harm is caused to the possessor, or harm is caused to some
person or thing in which the possessor has a legally protected
interest.
奪；或
(d) 致占有人受身體傷害，或占有人有法律
上保護利益之其他人或物之受傷害。
§ 219. Liability To Person Entitled To Immediate
Possession
One who commits a trespass to a chattel is subject to liability to
another who is, or may by demand become, entitled to the immediate
possession of the chattel if, but only if,
(a) the chattel is impaired as to its condition, quality, or value, or
(b) the person entitled to immediate possession is deprived of the use
of the chattel for a substantial time, or
(c) bodily harm is thereby caused to the person entitled to immediate
possession, or harm is caused to some person or thing in which he
has a legally protected interest.
第219條 對有即時占有權人之責任
對動產實行故意侵權行為者，於下列情形，
但也僅於下列情形，對該動產有即時占有權
之人，或經要求而為該動產之有即時占有權
之人負責：
(a) 該動產之情況、品質或價值受破壞；或
(b) 有即時占有權之人之使用該動產，受相
當期間之剝奪；或
(c) 致有即時占有權之人受身體傷害，或有
即時占有權之人有法律上保護利益之其
他之人或物受傷害。
§ 220. Liability To Person Entitled To Future Possession
One who commits a trespass to a chattel is subject to liability to
another who is entitled to the future possession of the chattel for harm
thereby caused to such other's interest in the chattel.
第220條 對未來占有具有利益之人之責
任
對動產實行故意侵權行為者，對於該動產之
未來占有具有利益之人，就其於該動產之利
益所受傷害，應負責任。
§ 221. Dispossession
A dispossession may be committed by intentionally
(a) taking a chattel from the possession of another without the other's
consent, or
(b) obtaining possession of a chattel from another by fraud or duress,
or
(c) barring the possessor's access to a chattel, or
(d) destroying a chattel while it is in another's possession, or
(e) taking the chattel into the custody of the law.
第221條 剝奪動產之占有
對動產占有之剝奪，得故意以下列方式為
之：
(a) 未經占有人之同意而取有動產；或
(b) 以詐欺或脅迫從他人取得動產之占有；
或
(c) 阻礙(原)占有人之接近動產；或
(d) 動產於他人占有時，將之毀壞；或
(e) 依法律程序將動產保管。
§ 222. Liability For Dispossession
One who dispossesses another of a chattel is subject to liability in
trespass for the damage done. If the dispossession seriously interferes
with the right of the other to control the chattel, the actor may also be
subject to liability for conversion.
第222條 剝奪動產占有之責任
剝奪他人動產之占有之人，應就其故意侵權
行為所至之傷害負責。如剝奪他人動產之占
有而嚴重干預他人之控制動產權利時，行為
人可能負「強占」之責任。
Topic 2. Conversion
§ 222A. What Constitutes Conversion
第二節 強占
第222A條 何種情形構成強占
(1)Conversion is an intentional exercise of dominion or control over a
chattel which so seriously interferes with the right of another to
control it that the actor may justly be required to pay the other the
full value of the chattel.
(2)In determining the seriousness of the interference and the justice
of requiring the actor to pay the full value, the following factors
are important:
(a) the extent and duration of the actor's exercise of dominion or
control;
(b) the actor's intent to assert a right in fact inconsistent with the
other's right of control;
(c) the actor's good faith;
(d) the extent and duration of the resulting interference with the
other's right of control;
(e) the harm done to the chattel;
(f) the inconvenience and expense caused to the other.
(1)強占者，係指故意行使對動產之支配、
控制，因其嚴重干預他人對該動產之控
制，致行為人應受要求向該他人支付該
動產之充分價值之金額。
(2)於決定行為人干預他人動產占有是否嚴
重，及向行為人要求支付該動產之充分
價值之金額是否公正，下列因素應列入
考慮：
(a) 行為人行使支配、控制動產之程度與
期間；
(b) 行為人主張與他人之支配、控制動產
權利不能併存之權利之意圖(故意)；
(c) 行為人之善意；
(d) 致他人支配、控制動產之權利受干擾
之程度與期間；
(e) 對動產所致之傷害；
(f) 對該他人(動產占有人)所致之不便
利與費用支出。
§ 223. Ways Of Committing Conversion
A conversion may be committed by intentionally
(a) dispossessing another of a chattel as stated in §§ 221 and 222;
(b) destroying or altering a chattel as stated in § 226;
(c) using a chattel as stated in §§ 227 and 228;
(d) receiving a chattel as stated in §§ 229 and 231;
(e) disposing of a chattel as stated in § 233;
(f) misbelieving a chattel as stated in §§ 234 and 235;
(g) refusing to surrender a chattel as stated in §§ 237-241.
第223條 實施強占之方式
強占得以故意而依下列方式為之：
(a) 第221條及第222條所規定之剝奪他人之
動產占有；
(b) 第226條所規定之破壞或變更動產；
(c) 第227條及第228條所規定之使用動產；
(d) 第229條及第231條所規定之收受動產；
(e) 第233條所規定之處分動產；
(f) 第234條及第235條所規定之動產錯誤交
付；
(g) 第237條至第241條所規定之拒絕交出動
產。
§ 224. Non-Feasance And Negligence
One who does not intentionally exercise dominion or control over a
chattel is not liable for a conversion even though his act or omission is
negligent.
第224條 非故意行為與過失
非故意實行支配或控制動產者，縱然其作為
或不作為有過失，亦毋須依「強占」負責。
§ 224A. Liability To Person In Possession
For a conversion the actor is subject to liability to another who was at
the time in possession of the chattel.
第224A條 對占有人之責任
強占之行為人對於強占時該動產之占有人
負責。
§ 225. Liability To Person Entitled To Immediate
Possession
For a conversion the actor is subject to liability to one who at the time
第225條 對有即時占有權之人之責任
強占之行為人就強占時對該動產有即時占
was entitled to immediate possession of the chattel. 有權之人負責。
§ 226. Conversion By Destruction Or Alteration
One who intentionally destroys a chattel or so materially alters its
physical condition as to change its identity or character is subject to
liability for conversion to another who is in possession of the chattel
or entitled to its immediate possession.
第226條 破壞或變更之強占
故意破壞動產或重大改變其實體情況以致
改變其本體認同性或品質時，行為人對該動
產之占有人或該動產之有即時占有權之
人，應依強占而負責。
§ 227. Conversion By Using Chattel
One who uses a chattel in a manner which is a serious violation of the
right of another to control its use is subject to liability to the other for
conversion.
第227條 使用動產而強占
使用動產之方式嚴重違反他人之支配該動
產之權利時，行為人應對該他人，依強占而
負責。
§ 228. Exceeding Authorized Use
One who is authorized to make a particular use of a chattel, and uses it
in a manner exceeding the authorization, is subject to liability for
conversion to another whose right to control the use of the chattel is
thereby seriously violated.
第228條 逾越授權使用範圍
經授權就動產有特定方式之使用權，而以逾
越授權之方式使用，如他人之控制該動產使
用之權因而受嚴重違反時，行為人應對之依
強占而負責。
§ 229. Conversion By Receiving Possession In
Consummation Of Transaction
One who receives possession of a chattel from another with the intent
to acquire for himself or for a third person a proprietary interest in the
chattel which the other has not the power to transfer is subject to
liability for conversion to a third person then entitled to the immediate
possession of the chattel.
第229條 完成交易行為之收受占有而強
占
為自己或第三人取得財產所有權利益之意
圖(故意)，自他人而收受動產之占有，但該
他人無讓與之權時，應對該動產有即時占有
權之人，依強占而負責。
§ 230. Receiving Possession For Storage, Safekeeping, Or
Transportation
A bailer, agent, or servant who receives the possession of a chattel for
storage, safekeeping, or transportation on behalf of his bailer,
principal, or master, is subject to liability for conversion if, but only
if, he does so with knowledge or reason to know that a third person
has the right to immediate possession of the chattel.
第230條 因儲存、保管或運送而收受占
有
受寄人、代理人或受僱人，代表寄託人、本
人或僱用人為儲存、保管或運送之目的而收
受占有者，如受寄人、代理人或受僱人知悉
或有理由知悉第三人對該動產有即時占有
權時，但也僅於上述之情形，應依強占而負
責。
§ 231. Receiving Possession As Agent Or Servant In
Consummation Of Transaction
(1)Except as stated in Subsection (4), one who, as agent or servant,
receives the possession of a chattel on behalf of his principal or
master in consummation of a transaction negotiated by the actor
第231條 代理人或受僱人於完成交易行
為而收受占有
(1)除本條第4項規定外，行為人以代理人或
受僱人身份為使其本人、僱用人取得動
產之所有權利益而洽商一交易，於交易
for the purpose of giving a proprietary interest in the chattel to the
principal or master, is subject to liability for a conversion to
another who is entitled to the immediate possession of the chattel.
(2)An agent or servant who negotiates a transaction for the purpose
of giving to his principal or master a proprietary interest in a
chattel is not liable for a conversion to another who is entitled to
the immediate possession, if the agent or servant does not receive
the possession of the chattel in consummation of the transaction
and if he neither knows nor has reason to know that the person
disposing of the chattel is not authorized so to dispose of it.
(3)An agent or servant who receives the possession or custody of a
chattel on behalf of his principal or master in consummation of a
transaction negotiated by his principal or master is not liable for a
conversion to another who is entitled to the immediate possession
of the chattel, if the agent or servant neither knows nor has reason
to know that the person thus disposing of the chattel is not
authorized so to dispose of it.
(4)The statement in Subsection (1) is not applicable to one who as
agent or servant receives on behalf of his principal or master
current money or a document which is negotiable either by
common law or by statute, pursuant to a transaction by which the
agent or servant or the person on whose behalf the money or
document is received becomes a holder in due course.
完成時代表其本人、僱用人收受該動產
占有時，行為人對該動產有即時占有權
之人，依強占而負責。
(2)代理人或僱用人為使其本人、僱用人取
得動產之所有權利益而洽商一交易，如
代理人或僱用人於完成交易時，未收受
動產之占有，亦未知悉或有理由知悉處
分該動產之人為無處分之權利者，該代
理人或僱用人毋須對該動產有即時占有
權之人，依強占而負責。
(3)代理人或受僱人就其本人、僱用人洽商
之交易完成時，代表其本人或僱用人而
收受占有或管領動產，如不知悉，亦無
理由知悉處分該動產之人為無處分權利
者，該代理人或僱用人毋須對該動產有
即時占有權之人，依強占而負責。
(4)交易係由代表人或受僱人收受貨幣或書
證之由代理人、受僱人或其代表之人收
受時成為正當程序執票人者，該代表人
或受僱人收受通行貨幣或依普通法或成
文法規定為有價證券之書證時，本條第1
項之規定不適用。
§ 232. Conversion As Against Bailor By Unauthorized
Disposition
[The Section is omitted. The matter is now covered by § 234.]
第232條 對寄託人之非法處分寄託物之
強占
【本條刪除，有關事項規定於第234條】
§ 233. Conversion By Disposition By Agent As Against One
Other Than Principal
(1)Except as stated in Subsection (4), one who as agent or servant of
a third person disposes of a chattel to one not entitled to its
immediate possession in consummation of a transaction negotiated
by the agent or servant, is subject to liability for a conversion to
another who, as against his principal or master, is entitled to the
immediate possession of the chattel.
(2)An agent or servant who negotiates a transaction for the purpose
of transferring a proprietary interest in a chattel is not liable for a
conversion to another who is entitled to its immediate possession,
if the actor does not deliver the chattel pursuant to such
transaction, and if the agent or servant neither knows nor has
reason to know that his principal or master does not have authority
so to dispose of it.
(3)An agent or servant who merely delivers a chattel in
consummation of a transaction negotiated by his principal or
master is not liable for a conversion to another who is entitled to
the immediate possession of the chattel, if the agent or servant
neither knows nor has reason to know that his principal or master
is not authorized so to dispose of it.
第233條 代理人以處分動產方式致對本
人以外之人之強占
(1)除本條第4項規定外，行為人以第三人之
代理人或受僱人身份，就其所洽商之交
易完成時，將動產處分給予對於該動產
無即時占有權之人，應對於向代理人或
受僱人之本人、僱用人得主張具有該動
產即時占有權之人，負強占之責任。
(2)代理人或受僱人為移轉動產之所有權
(利益)而洽商一交易，如該代理人和受僱
人(即行為人)並未(自行)依該交易而交
付動產，並且不知，亦無理由知悉其本
人或僱用人就該動產無處分權者，毋須
對該動產有即時占有權之人，依強占而
負責。
(3)代理人或受僱人僅就其本人或僱用人所
洽商之交易行為完成而交付動產者，如
該代理人或受僱人不知，亦無理由知悉
其本人或僱用人就該動產無處分權者，
毋須對該動產有即時占有權之人，依強
占而負責。
(4) The statement in Subsection (1) is not applicable to an agent or
servant who disposes of current money, or a document negotiable
by common law or by statute, pursuant to a transaction by which
the transferee becomes a holder in due course of such money or
document, unless the agent or servant knows or has reason to
know that his principal or master does not have authority so to
dispose of it.
(4)代理人或受僱人就一交易行為而受讓成
為貨幣或書證之正當程序執票人，而處
分通行貨幣或依普通法或成文法為有價
證券之書證者，本條第1 項之規定不適
用。但該代理人或受僱人知悉或有理由
知悉其本人或受僱人無處分權者，不在
此限。
§ 234. Conversion As Against Baylor By Misbelievers
A bailer, agent, or servant who makes an unauthorized delivery of a
chattel is subject to liability for conversion to his bailer, principal, or
master unless he delivers to one who is entitled to immediate
possession of the chattel.
第234條 對寄託人之因錯誤交付而致強
占
受寄人、代理人或受僱人未經授權而將動產
交付者，應對其寄託人、本人或僱用人，依
強占而負責。但將動產交付給就該動產有即
時占有權之人者，不在此限。
§ 235. Conversion By Misdelivery As Against One Other
Than Bailor
(1)Except as stated in Subsection (2) and (3), one who makes an
unauthorized delivery of a chattel to a person not entitled to its
immediate possession is subject to liability for conversion to
another who is so entitled.
(2)A bailee, agent, or servant who redelivers to his bailor, principal,
or master is not liable for conversion unless the person entitled to
immediate possession has made an adverse claim upon him.
(3)A bailee, agent, or servant who delivers the chattel to a third
person pursuant to the instructions of his bailor, principal, or
master is not liable for conversion unless he has knowledge or
reason to know that his bailor, principal, or master is not
authorized so to dispose of it.
第235條 對寄託人以外之其他人之因錯
誤交付而致強占
(1)除本條第2項、第3項規定外，未經授權
而將動產交付，其收受人對該動產無即
時占有權時，行為人對該動產有即時占
有權之人，依強占而負責。
(2)受寄人、代理人或受錮人將動產交付給
其寄託人、本人或僱用人者，除非就該
動產有即時占有權之人已向其作相反之
主張，毋須對該動產有即時占有權之
人，依強占而負責。
(3)受寄人、代理人或受僱人將動產依其寄
託人、本人或僱用人之指示，交付給第
三人者，除非其明知或有理由知悉其寄
託人、本人或僱用人就該動產無處分
權，毋須依強占負責。
§ 236. Conversion By Disposition Or Misdelivery By Finder
Or Person On Whom Possession Is Imposed
[The Section is omitted. The matter is now covered by § 235.]
第236條 遺失物拾得人或遺忘物之土地
占有人之處分或錯誤交付而致強占
【本條刪除；有關事項規定於第235 條】
§ 237. Conversion By Demand And Refusal
One in possession of a chattel as bailer or otherwise who, on demand,
refuses without proper qualification to surrender it to another entitled
to its immediate possession, is subject to liability for its conversion.
第237條 經要求及拒絕而致強占
以受寄人或其他原因因占有動產，經要求、
無正當拒絕提交之理由而拒絕將該動產提
交就該動產有即時占有權之人者，依強占負
責。
§ 238. Qualified Refusal Upon Unreasonable Demand 第238條 不合理要求之附條件拒絕
One in the possession of a chattel does not become a converter by
making a qualified refusal immediately to surrender the chattel when
the circumstances are such that the demand for immediate surrender is
unreasonable.
占有動產之人於受要求交出動產時，如其情
況為要求立即交出動產係不合理，而作附條
件之拒絕者，該占有動產之人不因而為強占
人。
§ 239. Qualified Refusal In Order To Identify Claimant
One in possession of a chattel does not become a converter by making
a qualified refusal to surrender it to a claimant as to whose identity he
is in reasonable doubt, for the purpose of a reasonable opportunity to
identify him.
第239條 為證實請求人之身份而作之附
條件拒絕
占有動產之人對於向其請求交出動產之人
之身份，有合理之懷疑時，為合理機會證實
其身份而作附條件之拒絕者，該占有動產之
人並不因而為強占人。
§ 240. Qualified Refusal To Surrender Where Claim Is
Doubtful
(1)Except as stated in Subsection (2), one in possession of a chattel
who is in reasonable doubt as to the right of a claimant to its
immediate possession does not become a converter by making a
qualified refusal to surrender the chattel to the claimant for the
purpose of affording a reasonable opportunity to inquire into such
right.
(2)A bailee, agent, or servant in possession of a chattel is subject to
liability for conversion if he makes even a qualified refusal to
surrender it to his bailor, principal, or master because of the claim
of any third person to the chattel, unless such claim has in fact
been made upon him.
第240條 請求交付有疑義而附條件之拒
絕交出
(1)除本條第2項規定外，占有動產之人合理
地懷疑向其請求之人之對該動產之即時
占有權時，為提供合理機會以調查此種
權利而作附條件之拒絕交出動產者，該
占有動產之人並不因而為強占人。
(2)受寄人、代理人或受僱人占有動產，如
僅因第三人對該動產有所主張，而向其
寄託人、本人、僱用人作附條件之拒絕
者，應依強占負責。但如第三人之主張
依實際向該受寄人，代理人或受僱人為
之者，不在此限。
§ 241. Possessor's Communication Of Purpose In Making
Qualified Refusal
Qualification of a refusal to surrender a chattel to one entitled to
immediate possession does not avoid liability for conversion unless
(a) the refusal is made in good faith for one of the reasons stated in §§
238, 239, and 240, and
(b) such reason is communicated to the claimant at the time, unless
the circumstances of the case justify the failure to do so.
第241條 占有人附條件拒絕之原因之傳
達
向有即時占有權之人(傳達)拒絕交出動產之
條件，並不因而免除該占有人之強占之責
任；但符合下列規定者，不在此限：
(a) 拒絕本於善意而依第238條、第239條、
第240條所規定之理由而作成；而且
(b) 拒絕之理由於拒絕時傳達於請求人，但
其情況為怠於傳達有正當理由者，不在
此限。
§ 241A. Conversion Of Negotiable Instrument
There is conversion of a negotiable instrument when it is paid on a
forged endorsement.
第241A條 有價證券之強占
就有價證券之偽造背書而付款者，(該附款
人)就該有價證券而強占。
§ 242. Conversion Of Documents And Intangible Rights
第242條 書證及無體財產權之強占
(1)Where there is conversion of a document in which intangible
rights are merged, the damages include the value of such rights.
(2)One who effectively prevents the exercise of intangible rights of
the kind customarily merged in a document is subject to a liability
similar to that for conversion, even though the document is not
itself converted.
(1)表彰無體財產權之書證受強占時，其賠
償包括該無體財產權之價值。
(2)行為人有效阻止書證通常所表彰之無體
財產權之行使時，縱然該書證未經強
占，依強占而負責。
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