Topic 3. The Interest Of The Person Entitled To Future
Possession
§ 243. Liability To Person Entitled To Future Possession
One who is subject to liability for conversion to a person in
possession of a chattel, or to one entitled to its immediate possession,
is also subject to liability to a person entitled to the future possession
of the chattel for harm caused to such person's interest in it.
第三節 具有未來占有權之人之利益
第243條 對有未來占有權之人之責任
應依強占對動產占有人或對動產有即時占
有權之人負責之人，亦應對就該動產有未來
占有權之人，就其利益所受之傷害而負責。
Topic 4. Effect Of Mistake
§ 244. Effect Of Mistake
An actor is not relieved of liability to another for trespass to a chattel
or for conversion by his belief, because of a mistake of law or fact not
induced by the other, that he
(a) has possession of the chattel or is entitled to its immediate
possession, or
(b) has the consent of the other or of one with power to consent for
him, or
(c) is otherwise privileged to act.
第四節 錯誤之效力
第244條 非因他人之誘惑之法律或事實
錯誤而相信
(a) 行為人(實際有權)占有動產或就動產有
即時占有之權；或
(b) 經他人之同意，或有為該他人作同意行
為之人之同意；或
(c) 因其他原因而有(作某行為)免費特殊權
利；
並不因而免除行為人之故意侵犯動產或強
占之責任。
§ 245. Action By Person Entitled To Immediate Possession
[The Section is omitted. The matter is now covered by § 244.]
第245條 有即時占有權之人所提起之訴訟
【本條刪除；有關事項規定於第244 條】
§ 246. Action By Person Entitled To Future Possession
[The Section is omitted. The matter is now covered by § 244.]
第246條 有未來占有權之人所提起之訴訟
【本條刪除；有關事項規定於第244 條】
Topic 5. Return Of Chattel In Mitigation Of Damages
§ 247. Return Of Chattel And Tender Of Return
[The Section is omitted. The matter is now covered by § 922.]
第五節 返還動產以減少損失
第247條 返還動產之提出何時生效
【本條刪除；有關事項規定於第922 條】
Topic 6. Effect Of Jus Tertii
§ 248. Effect Of Outstanding Paramount Title
[The Section is omitted. The matter is now covered by § 895.]
第六節 第三人之權利之影響
第248條 列於最終所有權之效果
【本條刪除；有關事項規定於第895 條】
§ 249. Circumstances Barring Recovery By Possessor
[The Section is omitted. The matter is now covered by § 895.]
第249條 阻礙占有人請求賠償之情況
【本條刪除；有關事項規定於第895 條】
§ 250. Circumstances Barring Recovery By Person Entitled
To Immediate Possession
[The Section is omitted. The matter is now covered by § 895.]
第250條 阻礙有即時占有權之人請求賠
償之情況
【本條刪除；有關事項規定於第895 條】
§ 251. Circumstances Barring Recovery By Person Entitled
To Future Possession
[The Section is omitted. The matter is now covered by § 895.]
第251條 阻礙有未來占有權之人請求賠
償之情況
【本條刪除；有關事項規定於第895 條】
Chapter 10. Privileges Intentionally To Invade Interests In
Present And Future Possession Of Chattels
Topic 1. Privileges Arising From Consent
§ 252. Consent Of Person Seeking Recovery
One who would otherwise be liable to another for trespass to a chattel
or for conversion is not liable to the extent that the other has
effectively consented to the interference with his rights.
第十章 故意侵犯動產之當前與未來占
有利益之免責特殊權利
第一節 因同意而生之免責特殊權利
第252條 請求賠償之人之同意
原應對他人就動產之故意侵權行為或強占
負責之人，於該他人有效同意其干預有關之
權利之範圍內，毋須負責。
§ 252A. Consent To Possession Obtained By Fraud Or
Duress
Consent to possession of a chattel obtained by fraud or duress is not
effective to prevent recovery for trespass to the chattel or for
conversion against any one other than a bona fide purchaser of the
chattel.
第252A條 因詐欺或脅迫而致之同意
以詐欺或脅迫而取得動產占有之人，不得因
該同意而免除依動產故意侵權行為或強占
應負之責任；但取得占有之人為善意買受人
時，不在此限。
§ 253. Consent Of Third Person
One who would otherwise be liable for another for trespass to a
chattel or for conversion is not liable to the extent that he has acted
with the consent of a third person with power to give a consent
effective as to the other.
第253條 第三人之同意
原應對他人就動產故意侵權行為或強占負
責之人，於其經第三人之具有猶如該他人同
意效力之同意而行為之範圍內，毋須負責。
§ 254. Termination Of Consent
The rule stated in § 892A(5) as to termination of consent applies to
acts constituting a trespass to a chattel or a conversion.
第254條 同意之終止
第892A條(5)關於同意終止之規定，於構成
動產故意侵權行為或強占之行為，亦有其適
用。
§ 255. Privilege Derived From Previous Consent:
“Irrevocable License”
Upon the termination of consent to the use or occupancy of a chattel
in the possession of another, the actor is privileged to continue such
use or occupancy so long as it is reasonably necessary safely to effect
egress from or discontinuance of his use of the chattel or to remove
his personal belongings there from.
第255條 本於先前同意而生之免責特殊
權利─不得撤銷之許可
使用或占用他人占有之動產之同意經終止
後，行為人於其遷出、停止使用該動產或將
置於該動產之其私人所屬物品移離之合理
必要期間內，有繼續使用或占用該動產之免
責特殊權利。
§ 256. Use Exceeding Consent
One who uses a chattel with the consent of another is subject to
liability in trespass for any harm to the chattel which is caused by or
occurs in the course of any use exceeding the consent, even though
such use is not a conversion.
第256條 逾越同意之範圍之使用動產
經他人之同意而使用動產，如其使用逾越同
意之範圍而致該動產受傷害時，縱然該使用
並非構成強占，行為人仍須就該動產所受傷
害，依動產故意侵權行為而負責。
§ 257. Consent To Actor Taking Possession
[The Section is omitted. The matter is now covered by § 253.]
第257條 對行為人之占有(動產)之同意
【本條刪除；有關事項規定於第253 條】
§ 258. Consent To Act Of Conversion
[The Section is omitted. The matter is now covered by § 253.]
第258條 對強占行為之同意
【本條刪除；有關事項規定於第253 條】
Topic 2. Privileges Arising Irrespective Of Consent
§ 259. Privilege To Use Facilities Of Public Utility
One who has a right to the use of a facility of a public utility is
privileged to make any reasonable use of the chattels of the utility that
is or is reasonably believed to be necessary to the enjoyment of the
facility.
第二節 不論受侵犯人是否同意、法律所
賦與之免責特殊權利
第259條 使用公用事業之設備之免責特
殊權利
有使用公用事業設備權利之人，得就享受該
設備之必要或合理地相信享受該設備之必
要，而作任何合理使用之免責特殊權利。
§ 260. Privilege To Defend Land Or Chattels
(1)Except as stated in Subsection (2), one is privileged to commit an
act which would otherwise be a trespass to a chattel or a
conversion if the act is, or is reasonably believed to be, necessary
第260條 為防衛土地或動產之免責特殊
權利
(1)除本條第2項規定外，行為人之行為原為
對動產之故意侵權行為或強占；但如其
行為係為，或合理地相信係為，保護行
to protect the actor's land or chattels or his possession of them, and
the harm inflicted is not unreasonable as compared with the harm
threatened.
(2)One entitled to the possession of land who has regained possession
from another in a manner which is not privileged, is not privileged
to trespass upon or convert the chattels of the former possessor on
the land.
為人之土地、動產、或行為人對土地、
動產之占有，而其行為所致之傷害與其
土地、動產、占有所受威脅之可能傷害
相較，並非不合理者，行為人之行為係
免責之特殊權利。
(2)就土地有占有權之人，以非免責特殊權
利之方式從他人取回該土地之占有時，
對於原土地占有人於該土地之動產之故
意侵權行為或強占，非享有免責之特殊
權利。
§ 261. Privilege Of Self–Defense Or Defense Of Third
Person
One is privileged to commit an act which would otherwise be a
trespass to or a conversion of a chattel in the possession of another,
for the purpose of defending himself or a third person against the
other, under the same conditions which would afford a privilege to
inflict a harmful or offensive contact upon the other for the same
purpose.
第261條 為自己或他人之正當防衛之免
責特殊權利
為自己或他人之正當防衛而對他人占有之
動產，為故意侵權行為或強占時，如於同樣
情形下為正當防衛而對他人為傷害或冒犯
性接觸得享有免責特殊權利者，亦享有免責
之特殊權利。
§ 262. Privilege Created By Public Necessity
One is privileged to commit an act which would otherwise be a
trespass to a chattel or a conversion if the act is or is reasonably
believed to be necessary for the purpose of avoiding a public disaster.
第262條 因公共需要而生之免責特殊權
利
行為人之行為原為動產之故意侵權行為或
強占，但如該行為係為，或合理地相信係
為，避免公共危難之必要而致就動產為侵權
行為或強占者，有免責之特殊權利。
§ 263. Privilege Created By Private Necessity
(1)One is privileged to commit an act which would otherwise be a
trespass to the chattel of another or a conversion of it, if it’s or is
reasonably believed to be reasonable and necessary to protect the
person or property of the actor, the other or a third person from
serious harm, unless the actor knows that the person for whose
benefit he acts is unwilling that he shall do so.
(2)Where the act is for the benefit of the actor or a third person, he is
subject to liability for any harm caused by the exercise of the
privilege.
第263條 因私人需要而生之免責特殊權
利
(1)原應對他人就動產故意侵權行為或強占
負責之人，如係為，或合理地相信係為，
保護行為人之身體、財產，或該他人或
第三人受嚴重傷害之合理且必要行為
時，有免責之特殊權利。但行為人知悉
因其行為受利益之人，不願意其如此行
為者，不在此限。
(2)如行為係為行為人或第三人之利益而行
為人享有免責特殊權利者，就該免責特
殊權利之行使所致之傷害應負責。
§ 264. Abatement Of Nuisance
(1)One is privileged to commit an act which would otherwise be a
trespass to the chattel of another or a conversion of it, for the
purpose of abating a private nuisance created or maintained by the
other, if the act is a reasonable means of abating the nuisance, and
if the other upon demand has failed to abate the nuisance, or the
第264條 惱神思之消除
(1)行為人為消除他人所形成或維持之私人
惱神思，而就該他人動產實行故意侵權
行為或強占該他人動產，如其行為係以
合理方式消除惱神思，且該他人經請求
而怠於消除該惱神思或行為人合理地相
actor reasonably believes that such demand is impractical or
useless.
(2)One to whom a public nuisance causes or threatens special harm is
privileged to abate it under the conditions stated in Subsection (1).
信此種請求不切實際或無用時，有免責
之特殊權利。
(2)因公共惱神思而受特別傷害或受特別傷
害威脅之人，有依前項規定之條件而消
除之免責特殊權利。
§ 265. Duty Or Authority Based Upon Public Interest
One is privileged to commit an act which would otherwise be a
trespass to a chattel or a conversion if he is acting in discharge of a
duty or authority created by law to preserve the public safety, health,
peace, or other public interest, and his act is reasonably necessary to
the performance of his duty or the exercise of his authority.
第265條 基於公共利益之責任或權限
履行或行使法律所附加或授與之責任或權
限，為保障公共安全、衛生、和平或其他公
共利益而行為，且行為係為履行責任或行使
權利之合理必要時，縱然其行為原為就動產
之故意侵權行為或強占，行為人有免責之特
殊權利。
§ 266. Privilege To Act Pursuant To Court Order
One is privileged to commit acts which would otherwise be a trespass
to a chattel or a conversion when he acts pursuant to a court order
which is valid or fair on its face.
第266條 依法院命令而行為之免責特殊
權利
行為人依法院之有效命令或就其表面顯示
為真實之命令而為動產之故意侵權行為或
強占者，有免責之特殊權利。
§ 266A. Privilege Of Finder Or One Upon Whom Possession
Is Imposed
(1)A finder of a lost chattel, or one upon whom possession of a
chattel has been imposed by mistake, is privileged, for the purpose
of seeking to restore it to the owner, to deliver it
(a) to the police, or other public officers authorized by law to
receive it for that purpose, or
(b) to the person last in possession of the chattel.
(2)A finder of a lost chattel is also privileged, for the purpose of
seeking to restore it to the owner, to deliver it to the possessor of
land, or of a vehicle of a public utility, on which is it found.
第266A條 遺失物之拾得人或非自願受
寄人之免責特殊權利
(1)遺失物之拾得人或因錯誤而成為動產之
占有人，為使該動產得返還其所有人，
將該動產交付給下列之人，有免責特殊
權利：
(a) 警察或經法律授權有收受權限之公
務員；或
(b) 最後占有該動產之人。
(2)遺失物之拾得人為使遺失物返還其所有
人，得將遺失物交付給其發現遺失物之
土地之占有人，或交付給發現遺失物之
公用事業之工具之占有人，而享有免責
特殊權利。
§ 267. Privilege To Defend Land Or Chattels From
Intrusion
[The Section is omitted. The matter is now covered by § 260.]
第267條 為防衛土地或動產受侵入之免
責特殊權利
【本條刪除；有關事項規定於第260 條】
§ 268. Privilege Of Self–Defense Or Defense Of Third
Person
[The Section is omitted. The matter is now covered by § 261.]
第268條 為自己或他人之正當防衛之免
責特殊權利
【本條刪除；有關事項規定於第261 條】
§ 269. Privilege Created By Public Necessity
[The Section is omitted. The matter is now covered by § 262.]
第269條 因公共需要而生之免責特殊權
利
【本條刪除；有關事項規定於第262 條】
§ 270. Abatement Of Private Nuisance
[The Section is omitted. The matter is now covered by § 263.]
第270條 因私人需要而生之免責特殊權
利
【本條刪除；有關事項規定於第263 條】
§ 271. Duty Or Authority Based Upon Public Interest In
Public Safety, Health, And Peace
[The Section is omitted. The matter is now covered by § 265.]
第271條 基於公共安全、公共衛生及和
平之公共利益之責任與權限
【本條刪除；有關事項規定於第265 條】
§ 272. Privilege Of Person Entitled To Possession
One who is entitled to the immediate possession of a chattel is not
liable to another for dispossessing him of it.
第272條 有占有權之免責特殊權利
有即時占有動產之繼受人，為剝奪占有該動
產之人對該動產之占有，毋須對該他人負
責。
§ 273. Privilege To Distrain
Where, by statute or otherwise, a privilege is given to an occupier or
owner of land to distrain chattels in the possession of another, the
actor is privileged to dispossess the other peaceably of a chattel for
such purpose.
第273條 剝奪他人為動產之占有而留置
之免責特殊權利
成文法或其他方式授權土地之占有人或土
地所有人有剝奪他人對動產之占有而留置
之免責特殊權利，行為人為該目的而和平剝
奪他人占有動產時，有免責之特殊權利。
§ 274. Privilege To Seize Goods Under Process
[The Section is omitted. The matter is now covered by § 266.]
第274條 免責特殊權利
【本條刪除；有關事項規定於第266 條】
§ 275. Defense Of Land, Self–Defense, Public Necessity,
Abatement, And Public Duty
[The Section is omitted. The matter is now covered by §§ 259-266.]
第275條 免責特殊權利
【本條刪除；有關事項規定於第259 條至第
266 條】
§ 276. Privilege To Surrender Chattel Pursuant To Writ Or
Order Of Court
[The Section is omitted. The matter is now covered by § 266.]
第276條 免責特殊權利
【本條刪除；有關事項規定於第266 條】
§ 277. Privilege To Dispose Of Chattel Pursuant To Court
Order
[The Section is omitted. The matter is now covered by § 266.]
第277條 免責特殊權利
【本條刪除；有關事項規定於第266 條】
§ 278. Liability For Abuse Of Privilege
(1)One who exercises any privilege to commit an act which would
otherwise be a trespass to a chattel or a conversion is subject to
liability for any harm to the interest of another in the chattel
caused by any dealing with it in a manner which is in excess of the
privilege or not reasonably necessary to accomplish the purpose
for which it is given.
(2)One who properly exercises such a privilege, and thereafter
commits an act which is tortuous, is subject to liability only for
such tortuous act, and does not become liable for his original
privileged acts.
第278條 免責特殊權利
(1)就動產有實行故意侵權行為或強占之免
責特殊權利之人，如其行為逾越該免責
特殊權利之範圍或非為完成該免責特殊
權利之目的之合理必要時，就其因而致
他人動產受傷害，應負責。
(2)適當地行使免責之特殊侵權行為，但其
後實行侵權行為時，僅就其後之侵權行
為負責；毋須就原先之免責特殊權利之
行為負責。
Chapter 11. Causal Relation Necessary To Liability For
Intentional Invasions Of Interests Of Personality, Land,
And Chattels
§ 279. Conduct Intended To Cause Bodily Harm
[The Section is omitted. The matter is now covered by § 870.]
第十一章 故意侵犯人身、土地、動產之
責任之必要因果關係
第279條 意圖致身體傷害之行為
【本條刪除；有關事項規定於第870 條】
§ 280. Conduct Intended To Cause Harm Other Than
Bodily Harm
[The Section is omitted. The matter is now covered by § 870.]
第280條 意圖致身體以外之其他傷害之
行為
【本條刪除；有關事項規定於第870 條】
Division 2. Negligence
Chapter 12. General Principles
Topic 1. The Elements Of A Cause Of Action For
Negligence
§ 281. Statement Of The Elements Of A Cause Of Action
For Negligence
The actor is liable for an invasion of an interest of another, if:
(a) the interest invaded is protected against unintentional invasion,
and
(b) the conduct of the actor is negligent with respect to the other, or a
class of persons within which he is included, and
第貳編 過失
第十二章 一般原則
第一節 過失之訴因之要素
第281條 過失訴因之要素
如符合下列要素，行為人應就他人利益受侵
犯而負責任：
(a) 受侵犯之利益係法律保護不得受非故意
侵犯之利益；並且
(b) 行為人之行為對他人為過失行為，或該
他人為行為人之行為對象之一群人中之
一人；並且
(c) the actor's conduct is a legal cause of the invasion, and
(d) the other has not so conducted himself as to disable himself from
bringing an action for such invasion.
(c) 行為人之行為係侵犯之法律原因；並且
(d) 該他人未有任何行為以致不得就該侵犯
提起訴訟。
Topic 2. The Standard By Which Negligence Is Determined
§ 282. Negligence Defined
In the Restatement of this Subject, negligence is conduct which falls
below the standard established by law for the protection of others
against unreasonable risk of harm. It does not include conduct
recklessly disregardful of an interest of others.
第二節 決定過失之標準
第282條 過失之定義
於本整編中，過失係指行為未達到法律為保
護他人免受不合理傷害之標準。過失不包括
魯莽棄置他人利益不顧之行為。
§ 283. Conduct Of A Reasonable Man: The Standard
Unless the actor is a child, the standard of conduct to which he must
conform to avoid being negligent is that of a reasonable man under
like circumstances.
第283條 合理人之行為一標準
行為人之行為免於過失之標準為，合理人於
同樣情況下應遵守之標準。但行為人為未成
年人者，不在此限。
§ 283A. Children
If the actor is a child, the standard of conduct to which he must
conform to avoid being negligent is that of a reasonable person of like
age, intelligence, and experience under like circumstances.
第283A條 未成年人
行為人如為未成年人，其應遵守以免於過失
之標準為，類似之年齡、智慧、經驗之合理
人於同樣情況下應遵守之標準。
§ 283B. Mental Deficiency
Unless the actor is a child, his insanity or other mental deficiency does
not relieve the actor from liability for conduct which does not
conform to the standard of a reasonable man under like circumstances.
第283B條 心神欠缺
行為人行為未符合合理人於同樣情況下應
遵守之標準者，並不因其心神喪失或其他心
神上欠缺而免責。但行為人係未成年人者，
不在此限。
§ 283C. Physical Disability
If the actor is ill or otherwise physically disabled, the standard of
conduct to which he must conform to avoid being negligent is that of
a reasonable man under like disability.
第283C條 身體上之欠缺
行為人罹患疾病或有其他身體上之欠缺，其
應遵守過失之標準為，合理人於同樣情況下
應遵守之標準。
§ 284. Negligent Conduct; Act Or Failure To Act
Negligent conduct may be either:
(a) an act which the actor as a reasonable man should recognize as
involving an unreasonable risk of causing an invasion of an
interest of another, or
(b) a failure to do an act which is necessary for the protection or
assistance of another and which the actor is under a duty to do.
第284條 過失行為一作為或怠於作為
過失行為係指下列之兩種行為之一：
(a) 行為人之為合理人應察覺該行為牽涉致
他人利益受侵犯之不合理危險；或
(b) 怠於作為者，係為保護或協助他人所必
要而行為人有責任實行該作為。
Topic 3. Determination Of Standard Of Conduct
§ 285. How Standard Of Conduct Is Determined
The standard of conduct of a reasonable man may be
(a) established by a legislative enactment or administrative regulation
which so provides, or
(b) adopted by the court from a legislative enactment or an
administrative regulation which does not so provide, or
(c) established by judicial decision, or
(d) applied to the facts of the case by the trial judge or the jury, if
there is no such enactment, regulation, or decision.
第三節 行為標準之決定
第285條 行為標準如何決定
合理人之行為標準，得依下列方式決定：
(a) 立法機關所制定之法律或行政機關所頒
佈之規範所規定之行為標準；或
(b) 立法機關所制定之法律或行政機關所頒
佈之規範雖未就行為標準有所規定，但
法院採納該法律或規範之要件為(行為
人之)行為標準；或
(c) 司法判決所樹立之行為標準；或
(d) 未經立法機關之法律或行政機關之規範
而有所規定，亦無法院之判決決定時，
事實審法官或陪審團適用於該案件事實
之標準。
Title A. Function Of Legislation
§ 286. When Standard Of Conduct Defined By Legislation
Or Regulation Will Be Adopted
The court may adopt as the standard of conduct of a reasonable man
the requirements of a legislative enactment or an administrative
regulation whose purpose is found to be exclusively or in part
(a) to protect a class of persons which includes the one whose interest
is invaded, and
(b) to protect the particular interest which is invaded, and
(c) to protect that interest against the kind of harm which has resulted,
and
(d) to protect that interest against the particular hazard from which the
harm results.
第一款 立法功能
第286條 立法機關之法律或行政機關之
規範所規定之行為標準於何種情況下為
法院所採納
立法機關之法律或行政機關之規範係為下
列之全部或一部分目的者，法院得(可能)採
納為某一案件之合理人之行為標準：
(a) 為保護一類級之人，包括其利益受侵犯
人在內；並且
(b) 為保護受侵犯之特定利益；並且
(c) 為保護利益之免受特殊種類之傷害；並
且
(d) 為保護利益之免受特定傷害所由發生之
特種災禍。
§ 287. Effect Of Provision For Penalty
A provision for a penalty in a legislative enactment or an
administrative regulation has no effect upon liability for negligence
unless the penalty is found to be intended to exclude it.
第287條 刑罰制裁規定之效力
立法機關所制定之法律或行政機關之規範
之刑罰制裁規定，就行為人之過失責任無影
響；但刑罰制裁規定係為免除行為人之民事
責任者，不在此限。
§ 288. When Standard Of Conduct Defined By Legislation
Or Regulation Will Not Be Adopted
The court will not adopt as the standard of conduct of a reasonable
man the requirements of a legislative enactment or an administrative
regulation whose purpose is found to be exclusively
(a) to protect the interests of the state or any subdivision of it as such,
第288條 立法機關之法律或行政機關之
規範所規定之行為標準於何種情況，法
院不得採納
立法機關之法律或行政機關之規範係排他
地專為下列目的者，法院不得採納為某一案
件之合理人之行為標準：
(a) 專為保護州或其所屬行政機關之利益；
or
(b) to secure to individuals the enjoyment of rights or privileges to
which they are entitled only as members of the public, or
(c) to impose upon the actor the performance of a service which the
state or any subdivision of it undertakes to give the public, or
(d) to protect a class of persons other than the one whose interests are
invaded, or
(e) to protect another interest than the one invaded, or
(f) to protect against other harm than that which has resulted, or
(g) to protect against any other hazards than that from which the harm
has resulted.
或
(b) 專為保護一般人(私人)以社會大眾之一
份子方得享受之權利或免責特殊權利；
或
(c) 專為使行為人履行州或其下級機構應向
大眾提供之服務；或
(d) 專為保護一類級之人民，但受侵害之人
並非屬於該類級；或
(e) 專為保護受侵犯之利益以外之其他利
益；或
(f) 專為保護以避免之傷害，係(該案件傷害
以外之)其他之傷害；或
(g) 專為保護以避免之災禍，係(該案件造成
傷害之災禍以外之)其他之災禍。
§ 288A. Excused Violations
(1)An excused violation of a legislative enactment or an
administrative regulation is not negligence.
(2)Unless the enactment or regulation is construed not to permit such
excuse, its violation is excused when
(a) the violation is reasonable because of the actor's incapacity;
(b) he neither knows nor should know of the occasion for
compliance;
(c) he is unable after reasonable diligence or care to comply;
(d) he is confronted by an emergency not due to his own
misconduct;
(e) compliance would involve a greater risk of harm to the actor
or to others.
第288A條 可寬恕之違反
(1)立法機關之法律或行政機關之規範之違
反係可寬恕者，其行為無過失。
(2)除成文法或規範經解釋為不准許此種寬
恕，其違反行為於下列情形為可寬恕：
(a) 因行為人之無能力，其違反為有理
由；
(b) 行為人既非知悉，亦非應知須遵守之
場合；
(c) 行為人雖經合理之勤勉與注意，仍無
法遵守；
(d) 行為人非因其不當行為所致之危急
情勢，但卻必須對付；
(e) 如遵守將導致行為人(自己)或他人
受更大之傷害危險。
§ 288B. Effect Of Violation
(1)The unexcused violation of a legislative enactment or an
administrative regulation which is adopted by the court as defining
the standard of conduct of a reasonable man, is negligence in
itself.
(2)The unexcused violation of an enactment or regulation which is
not so adopted may be relevant evidence bearing on the issue of
negligent conduct.
第288B條 違反之效力
(1)立法機關之法律或行政機關之規範經法
院採納為合理人之行為標準，如無可寬
恕理由而違反時，視為有過失。
(2)立法機關之法律或行政機關之規範未經
法院採納為合理人之行為標準，無可寬
恕理由而違反時，為行為是否有過失爭
執之相關證據。
§ 288C. Compliance With Legislation Or Regulation
Compliance with a legislative enactment or an administrative
regulation does not prevent a finding of negligence where a
reasonable man would take additional precautions.
第288C條 立法機關之法律或行政機關
之規範之遵守
雖就立法機關之法律或行政機關之規範，加
以遵守，如合理人應更加謹慎時，並非不得
作有過失之認定。
Title B. Factors Important In Determination Of Standard
Of Reasonable Conduct
§ 289. Recognizing Existence Of Risk
The actor is required to recognize that his conduct involves a risk of
causing an invasion of another's interest if a reasonable man would do
so while exercising
(a) such attention, perception of the circumstances, memory,
knowledge of other pertinent matters, intelligence, and judgment
as a reasonable man would have; and
(b) such superior attention, perception, memory, knowledge,
intelligence, and judgment as the actor himself has.
第二款 決定合理行為之重要因素
第289條 認知危險之存在
如合理人作下列之處置：
(a) 行使一合理人應有之注意、情況之瞭
解、記憶、其他有關事項之知識、智慧
及判斷；並且
(b) 如具有較優越之注意、瞭解、記憶、知
識、智慧及判斷，應行使該較優越之注
意、瞭解、記憶、知識、智慧及判斷。
合理人將認知其行為有侵犯他人之利益之
危險者，該行為人亦應行使同樣之處置而認
知其行為有侵犯他人利益之危險。
§ 290. What Actor Is Required To Know
For the purpose of determining whether the actor should recognize
that his conduct involves a risk, he is required to know
(a) the qualities and habits of human beings and animals and the
qualities, characteristics, and capacities of things and forces in so
far as they are matters of common knowledge at the time and in
the community; and
(b) the common law, legislative enactments, and general customs in
so far as they are likely to affect the conduct of the other or third
persons.
第290條 行為人應有如何之知悉
於決定行為人是否應認知其行為涉及危
險，行為人應知悉：
(a) 行為當時之社會所應具備之人類、動物
之本質、習慣、物或各種力量之性質、
品質、能力之一般知識；以及
(b) 可能影響他人或第三人之普通法、成文
法及一般習慣。
§ 291. Unreasonableness; How Determined; Magnitude Of
Risk And Utility Of Conduct
Where an act is one which a reasonable man would recognize as
involving a risk of harm to another, the risk is unreasonable and the
act is negligent if the risk is of such magnitude as to outweigh what
the law regards as the utility of the act or of the particular manner in
which it is done.
第291條 不合理；如果決定；危險之重
大性與行為之功效
行為之為合理人認知係牽涉傷害他人之危
險，而該危險之重大性超過法律對該行為之
功效或法律所定該行為應以特定方式為之
之功效時，該危險係不合理之危險；該行為
有過失。
§ 292. Factors Considered In Determining Utility Of Actor's
Conduct
In determining what the law regards as the utility of the actor's
conduct for the purpose of determining whether the actor is negligent,
the following factors are important:
(a) the social value which the law attaches to the interest which is to
be advanced or protected by the conduct;
(b) the extent of the chance that this interest will be advanced or
protected by the particular course of conduct;
(c) the extent of the chance that such interest can be adequately
advanced or protected by another and less dangerous course of
第292條 決定行為人行為之功效，應考
慮之因素
為決定行為人是否有過失而決定行為人之
行為所具有法律上所認定之功效時，下列因
素應加考慮：
(a) 法律所附加於該行為所保護或增進之利
益之社會價值；
(b) 該行為所保護或增進之利益因該特定行
為所能保護或增進之可能程度；
(c) 該利益經由其他較少危險行為而得到完
整增進或保護之可能程度。
conduct.
§ 293. Factors Considered In Determining Magnitude Of
Risk
In determining the magnitude of the risk for the purpose of
determining whether the actor is negligent, the following factors are
important:
(a) the social value which the law attaches to the interests which are
imperiled;
(b) the extent of the chance that the actor's conduct will cause an
invasion of any interest of the other or of one of a class of which
the other is a member;
(c) the extent of the harm likely to be caused to the interests
imperiled;
(d) the number of persons whose interests are likely to be invaded if
the risk takes effect in harm.
第293條 決定危險重大性之考慮因素
為決定行為人是否有過失而決定危險之重
大性時，下列因素應加考慮：
(a) 法律所附加於受侵犯利益之社會價值；
(b) 行為人之行為將致他人利益受侵犯之可
能程度或將致該他人為一類級及一份子
之利益受侵犯之可能程度；
(c) 受侵犯利益可能受到傷害之程度；
(d) 如危險實際造成傷害，其利益可能受到
侵犯之人數。
§ 294. Conduct Involving Risk Of Harm To Third Person
In determining whether the conduct of the actor is negligent toward
another, the fact that it involves an unreasonable risk of harm to a
third person may in certain situations be considered.
第294條 致第三人受到傷害之危險之行
為
於決定行為人之行為對他人是否有過失
者，其行為牽涉致第三人受不合理危險之事
實，於若干情況得加以考慮。
§ 295. Conduct Involving Alternative Risk To Third Person
The fact that the actor's only alternative is a course of conduct which
involves an equal or greater risk of harm to a third person is a factor in
determining the reasonable character of his conduct.
第295條 行為牽涉致第三人遭受替代之
危險
行為人(致他人受傷害)之唯一替代行為係涉
及致第三人遭受相同或更重大之傷害之危
險者，為決定其行為是否合理之因素之一。
§ 295A. Custom
In determining whether conduct is negligent, the customs of the
community, or of others under like circumstances, are factors to be
taken into account, but are not controlling where a reasonable man
would not follow them.
第295A條 習慣
於決定行為是否有過失，一社區(團體)之習
慣或同樣情況之其他社區之習慣，為應加考
慮之因素。但如合理人不致依該習慣行事
者，該習慣不應為有控制性影響之因素。
§ 296. Emergency
(1)In determining whether conduct is negligent toward another, the
fact that the actor is confronted with a sudden emergency which
requires rapid decision is a factor in determining the reasonable
character of his choice of action.
(2)The fact that the actor is not negligent after the emergency has
arisen does not preclude his liability for his tortious conduct which
has produced the emergency.
第296條 緊急情況
(1)於決定行為人對他人之行為是否有過
去，行為人之遭遇緊急情況需要快速決
定者，為決定其所選擇之行為是否合理
之因素之一。
(2)行為人於緊急情況發生後無過失者，並
不因而排除其導致緊急情況之侵權行為
之責任。
Topic 4. Types Of Negligent Acts
§ 297. Acts Dangerous Intrinsically Or Because Of Manner
Of Performance
A negligent act may be one which involves an unreasonable risk of
harm to another
(a) although it is done with all possible care, competence, preparation,
and warning, or
(b) only if it is done without reasonable care, competence,
preparation, or warning.
第四節 過失行為之態樣
第297條 行為本身具有危險或因履行方
式而致危險
過失行為可能為牽涉致他人受傷害之不合
理危險之行為：
(a) 縱然該行為係於盡所有可能之注意、能
力、準備與警覺而為之(仍為過失行為)；
或
(b) 僅於該行為係因未盡合理之注意、能
力、準備與警覺而為之(方為過失行為)。
§ 298. Want Of Reasonable Care
When an act is negligent only if done without reasonable care, the
care which the actor is required to exercise to avoid being negligent in
the doing of the act is that which a reasonable man in his position,
with his information and competence, would recognize as necessary
to prevent the act from creating an unreasonable risk of harm to
another.
第298條 合理注意之欠缺
行為僅於欠缺合理注意力方為過失行為
者，行為人應行使以避免過失之注意為，合
理人於行為人之立場、同樣之消息、能力，
將覺察為避免行為造成傷害他人之不合理
危險所作之必要之注意。
§ 299. Want Of Competence
An act may be negligent if it is done without the competence which a
reasonable man in the position of the actor would recognize as
necessary to prevent it from creating an unreasonable risk of harm to
another.
第299條 能力之欠缺
行為之因能力欠缺而有過失者，其能力係指
合理人於行為人之立場將覺察為避免造成
傷害他人之不合理危險所必要之能力。
§ 299A. Undertaking In Profession Or Trade
Unless he represents that he has greater or less skill or knowledge, one
who undertakes to render services in the practice of a profession or
trade is required to exercise the skill and knowledge normally
possessed by members of that profession or trade in good standing in
similar communities.
第299A條 職業、交易之從事
行為人執行職業或交易而提供服務時，其所
應行使之技術、知識，除行為人表示其具有
較優或較劣之技術、知識外，係為同一團體
之職業或交易之成員通常擁有之技術、知
識。
§ 300. Want Of Preparation
When an act is negligent if done without reasonable preparation, the
actor, to avoid being negligent, is required to make the preparation
which a reasonable man in his position would recognize as necessary
to prevent the act from creating an unreasonable risk of harm to
another.
第300條 準備之欠缺
行為人之缺乏合理準備而有過失者，行為人
為避免過失所應作之準備為，合理人於其立
場為避免其行為造成傷害他人之不合理危
險所作之必要之準備。
§ 301. Effect Of Warning 第301條 警告之效力
(1)Except as stated in Subsection (2), a warning given by the actor of
his intention to do an act which involves a risk of harm to others
does not prevent the actor from being negligent.
(2)The exercise of reasonable care to give reasonably adequate
warning prevents the doing of an act from being negligent, if
(a) the law regards the actor's interest in doing the act as
paramount to the other's interest in entering or remaining on
the area endangered thereby, or
(b) the risk involved in the act, or its unreasonable character,
arises out of the absence of warning.
(1)除本條第2項規定外，行為人就其意圖為
牽涉致他人受傷害之危險行為而作警告
者，並不因而使行為人免除其行為可能
係過失。
(2)以合理注意作合理地完整警告時，如符
合下列情形之一，可避免行為之有過失：
(a) 法律將行為人之作該行為而致之利
益與他人之進入或停留於行為人所
致之危險區之利益，作同等之對待；
或
(b) 行為所牽涉之危險或行為之不合理
性，係因欠缺警告而生者。
§ 302. Risk Of Direct Or Indirect Harm
A negligent act or omission may be one which involves an
unreasonable risk of harm to another through either
(a) the continuous operation of a force started or continued by the act
or omission, or
(b) the foreseeable action of the other, a third person, an animal, or a
force of nature.
第302條 直接或間接傷害之危險
作為或不作為得因其經下列方式之一而牽
涉造成他人傷害之不合理危險，而有過失：
(a) 因作為或不作為而開始一力量之運作或
繼續其運作；或
(b) 可預見之他人、第三人、動物或自然力
而致之行為。
§ 302A. Risk Of Negligence Or Recklessness Of Others
An act or an omission may be negligent if the actor realizes or should
realize that it involves an unreasonable risk of harm to another
through the negligent or reckless conduct of the other or a third
person.
第302A條 他人之過失或魯莽棄置不顧
行為之危險
行為人認知或應認知一作為或不作為經他
人或第三人之過失或魯莽棄置不顧行為而
牽涉致該他人受傷害之不合理危險者，該作
為或不作為可能有過去。
§ 302B. Risk Of Intentional Or Criminal Conduct
An act or an omission may be negligent if the actor realizes or should
realize that it involves an unreasonable risk of harm to another
through the conduct of the other or a third person which is intended to
cause harm, even though such conduct is criminal.
第302B條 故意行為或犯罪行為之危險
行為人認知或應認知其作為或不作為經他
人或第三人之意圖致傷害之行為(縱然該行
為係犯罪行為)而牽涉造成傷害他人之不合
理危險者，該作為或不作為可能有過失。
§ 303. Acts Intended Or Likely So To Affect The Conduct
Of The Other, A Third Person, Or An Animal As To
Involve Unreasonable Risk
An act is negligent if the actor intends it to affect, or realizes or should
realize that it is likely to affect, the conduct of another, a third person,
or an animal in such a manner as to create an unreasonable risk of
harm to the other.
第303條 意圖或可能致他人、第三人或
他人之動物牽涉不合理危險之行為
行為人意圖，認知或應認知，其行為可能致
他人、第三人或動物之行為造成傷害該他人
之不合理危險者，該行為有過失。
§ 304. Negligent Misrepresentation Affecting Conduct Of 第304條 影響他人行為之過失不實說明
Others
A misrepresentation of fact or law may be negligent conduct.
就法律或事實之不實說明，可能為過失行
為。
§ 305. Preventing Protective Action
An act may be negligent if the actor intends to prevent, or realizes or
should realize that it is likely to prevent, another or a third person
from taking action which the actor realizes or should realize is
necessary for the aid or protection of the other.
第305條 阻撓保護行為
行為人意圖阻撓，認知或應認知其行為可能
阻撓，他人、第三人採取行動施行行為人認
知或應認知為協助或保護該他人所必要之
行為者，該行為可能有過失。
§ 306. Acts Likely To Cause Bodily Harm Through Mental
Disturbance
An act may be negligent, as creating an unreasonable risk of bodily
harm to another, if the actor intends to subject, or realizes or should
realize that his act involves an unreasonable risk of subjecting, the
other to an emotional disturbance of such a character as to be likely to
result in illness or other bodily harm.
第306條 行為之經由精神痛苦而致身體
傷害
行為人意圖促使，認知或應認知其行為可能
促使，他人受精神痛苦而可能致罹患疾病或
其他身體傷害者，該行為可能因形成致他人
受身體傷害之不合理危險而有過失。
§ 307. Use Of Incompetent Or Defective Instrumentalities
It is negligence to use an instrumentality, whether a human being or a
thing, which the actor knows or should know to be so incompetent,
inappropriate, or defective, that its use involves an unreasonable risk
of harm to others.
第307條 使用能力欠缺或有缺陷之人或
物為工具
以人或物為工具而使用，行為人知悉或應知
悉該人或物之能力欠缺、不適當或有缺陷，
以致其使用牽涉致他人受傷害之不合理危
險者，其使用為有過失。
§ 308. Permitting Improper Persons To Use Things Or
Engage In Activities
It is negligence to permit a third person to use a thing or to engage in
an activity which is under the control of the actor, if the actor knows
or should know that such person intends or is likely to use the thing or
to conduct himself in the activity in such a manner as to create an
unreasonable risk of harm to others.
第308條 准許不適當之人使用物或從事
活動
准予第三人使用或從事於行為人控制之物
或活動，如行為人知悉或應知悉，該第三人
意圖或有可能就其使用物或從事活動而造
成傷害他人之不合理危險者，行為人即有過
失。
§ 309. Right Of Other To Be At Place Or Engage In Activity
An act may be negligent toward another who is in a place or engaged
in an activity
(a) in which he is entitled to be or to engage
(i) irrespective of the actor's consent, or
(ii) only with the actor's consent; or
第309條 他人之立於一處所或從事活動
之權利
(a) 就他人之於一處所或從事一活動而向該
他人作一行為時，於下列情形，可能有
過失：
(i) 其於一處所或從事一活動，毋須行為
人之同意；
(ii) 其於一處所或從事一活動必須經行為
人之同意；
(b) in which he is not entitled to be or to engage
(i) as between himself and the actor, or
(ii) as between himself and a third person.
(b) 就他人之於一處所或從事一活動，
(i) 該他人與行為人間；或
(ii) 該他人與第三人間。
Topic 5. Misrepresentations Threatening Physical Harm
§ 310. Conscious Misrepresentation Involving Risk Of
Physical Harm
An actor who makes a misrepresentation is subject to liability to
another for physical harm which results from an act done by the other
or a third person in reliance upon the truth of the representation, if the
actor
(a) intends his statement to induce or should realize that it is likely to
induce action by the other, or a third person, which involves an
unreasonable risk of physical harm to the other, and
(b) knows
(i) that the statement is false, or
(ii) that he has not the knowledge which he professes.
第五節 威脅實體傷害之不實說明
第310條 牽涉實體傷害危險之有意識之
不實說明
行為人依下列方式作成不實說明，使他人或
第三人仰賴該說明之真實所作之行為，致該
他人受實體傷害者，應對該他人負責：
(a) 行為人意圖其說明(之陳述)誘導，或應認
知其說明可能誘導他人或第三人實行牽
涉致該他人受實體傷害之不合理危險之
作為；並且
(b) 行為人知悉
(i) 該說明係虛偽不實；或
(ii) 行為人就其所作說明一無所知。
§ 311. Negligent Misrepresentation Involving Risk Of
Physical Harm
(1)One who negligently gives false information to another is subject
to liability for physical harm caused by action taken by the other in
reasonable reliance upon such information, where such harm
results
(a) to the other, or
(b) to such third persons as the actor should expect to be put in
peril by the action taken.
(2)Such negligence may consist of failure to exercise reasonable care
(a) in ascertaining the accuracy of the information, or
(b) in the manner in which it is communicated.
第311條 牽涉實體傷害危險之過失不實
說明
(1)行為人因過失作不實說明，使他人合理
仰賴該消息而實行之行為致實體傷害
者，應就該實體傷害負責任，但該傷害
須係
(a) 對該他人之傷害；或
(b) 行為人應預期該他人採取行為而使
第三人受傷害。
(2)此種過失可能包括怠於行使合理注意
(a) 以確定該消費者之正確性；或
(b) 其用於傳達該消息之方式。
Topic 6. Conduct Negligent Because Intended Or Likely To
Cause Physically Dangerous Emotional Distress
§ 312. Emotional Distress Intended
If the actor intentionally and unreasonably subjects another to
emotional distress which he should recognize as likely to result in
illness or other bodily harm, he is subject to liability to the other for
an illness or other bodily harm of which the distress is a legal cause,
(a) although the actor has no intention of inflicting such harm, and
(b) irrespective of whether the act is directed against the other or a
third person.
第六節 因意圖或可能致身體傷害之精
神痛苦之過失行為
第312條 意圖之精神痛苦
行為人故意且不理由地(不合理地)致他人受
精神痛苦，而行為人應覺察該精神痛苦可能
致罹患疾病或其他身體傷害時，行為人就精
神痛苦為法律原因所致之疾病或其他身體
傷害，應對該他人負責。
(a) 縱然行為人無致此種(身體)傷害之
故意；並且
(b) 不論該行為係針對該他人或第三人。
§ 313. Emotional Distress Unintended
(1)If the actor unintentionally causes emotional distress to another, he
is subject to liability to the other for resulting illness or bodily
harm if the actor
(a) should have realized that his conduct involved an
unreasonable risk of causing the distress, otherwise than by
knowledge of the harm or peril of a third person, and
(b) from facts known to him should have realized that the distress,
if it were caused, might result in illness or bodily harm.
(2)The rule stated in Subsection (1) has no application to illness or
bodily harm of another which is caused by emotional distress
arising solely from harm or peril to a third person, unless the
negligence of the actor has otherwise created an unreasonable risk
of bodily harm to the other.
第313條 非意圖之精神痛苦
(1)行為人非故意致他人受精神痛苦，如於
下列情況下，行為人應就該他人因精神
痛苦而致之疾病或身體傷害負責：
(a) 如行為人應認知其行為涉及導致精
神痛苦之不合理危險，而該致精神痛
苦並非因(該他人)知悉第三人受傷
害或危難而致；並且
(b) 行為人就其所知事實應瞭解該精神
痛苦如發生，可能導致罹患疾病或身
體傷害。
(2)前項規定於他人之疾病或身體傷害係因
第三人受傷害或危難而致之精神痛苦所
由發生者，不適用。但行為人之過失而
致該他人受身體傷害之不合理危險者，
不在此限。
Topic 7. Duties Of Affirmative Action
§ 314. Duty To Act For Protection Of Others
The fact that the actor realizes or should realize that action on his part
is necessary for another's aid or protection does not of itself impose
upon him a duty to take such action.
第七節 積極(肯定)行為之責任
第314條 為保護他人而行為之責任
行為人認知或應認知為協助他人或保護他
人，有實行一行為之必要，並未因而使行為
人負有採取該行為之責任。
§ 314A. Special Relations Giving Rise To Duty To Aid Or
Protect
(1)A common carrier is under a duty to its passengers to take
reasonable action
(a) to protect them against unreasonable risk of physical harm,
and
(b) to give them first aid after it knows or has reason to know that
they are ill or injured, and to care for them until they can be
cared for by others.
(2)An innkeeper is under a similar duty to his guests.
(3)A possessor of land who holds it open to the public is under a
similar duty to members of the public who enter in response to his
invitation.
(4)One who is required by law to take or who voluntarily takes the
custody of another under circumstances such as to deprive the
other of his normal opportunities for protection is under a similar
duty to the other.
第314A條 特殊關係而致協助或保護之
責任
(1)公共運送人對其乘客，有採取下列合理
行為之責任：
(a) 為保護乘客以避免受實體傷害之不
合理危險；並且(以及)
(b) 知悉或有理由知悉乘客罹患疾病或
受傷後，給予優先協助；照顧乘客直
至有他人照顧為止。
(2)旅遊主人對其旅客，有類似之責任。
(3)土地占有人將其土地公開、准許大眾進
入者，對於應其邀請而進入土地之大
眾，有類似之責任。
(4)依法律規定或其他情況自動將他人置於
管領監督，致該他人通常受保護之機會
受剝奪者，對該他人有類似之責任。
§ 314B. Duty To Protect Endangered Or Hurt Employee
(1)If a servant, while acting within the scope of his employment,
comes into a position of imminent danger of serious harm and this
第314B條 保護受危害或受傷之受僱人
之責任
(1)受僱人於執行業務範圍內而處於受嚴重
傷害之當前緊急危險，而此情況為僱用
is known to the master or to a person who has duties of
management, the master is subject to liability for a failure by
himself or by such person to exercise reasonable care to avert the
threatened harm.
(2)If a servant is hurt and thereby becomes helpless when acting
within the scope of his employment and this is known to the
master or to a person having duties of management, the master is
subject to liability for his negligent failure or that of such person to
give first aid to the servant and to care for him until he can be
cared for by others.
人或有管理責任之人知悉，如僱用人或
有管理責任之人怠於行使合理注意以避
免受威脅之傷害者，僱用人應負責。
(2)受僱人於執行業務範圍內受傷而變為無
法自立，而此種情況為僱用人或有管理
責任之人知悉，如僱用人或有管理責任
之人之過失怠於給予急救、及照顧直至
他人照顧為止者，僱用人應負責。
留言列表
神學一 (3)