Chapter 14. Liability Of Persons Supplying Chattels For
The Use Of Others
Topic 1. Rules Applicable To All Suppliers
§ 388. Chattel Known To Be Dangerous For Intended Use
One who supplies directly or through a third person a chattel for
another to use is subject to liability to those whom the supplier should
expect to use the chattel with the consent of the other or to be
endangered by its probable use, for physical harm caused by the use
of the chattel in the manner for which and by a person for whose use it
is supplied, if the supplier
(a) knows or has reason to know that the chattel is or is likely to be
dangerous for the use for which it is supplied, and
(b) has no reason to believe that those for whose use the chattel is
supplied will realize its dangerous condition, and
(c) fails to exercise reasonable care to inform them of its dangerous
condition or of the facts which make it likely to be dangerous.
第十四章 提供動產作為他人使用之人
之責任
第一節 適用於所有提供人之法律規則
第388條 就其意圖之使用，知悉有危險
之動產
直接或經由第三人提供動產以供他人使用
之人，(提供人)對於應預期經該他人同意使
用該動產之人，或對於該動產之可能使用而
受危害之人，就該動產之依其提供之使用方
式使用，且因受其提供動產而使用之人所致
之實體傷害，如符合下列規定，應負責任：
(a) 提供人知悉或有理由知悉該動產係，或
可能，就其提供之使用，具有危險性；
並且
(b) 提供人無理由相信受提供使用該動產之
人將認知其危險情況；並且
(c) 提供人怠於行使合理注意以通知受提供
使用該動產之人其危險情況，或通知使
用該動產可能發生危險之事實。
§ 389. Chattel Unlikely To Be Made Safe For Use
One who supplies directly or through a third person a chattel for
another's use, knowing or having reason to know that the chattel is
unlikely to be made reasonably safe before being put to a use which
the supplier should expect it to be put, is subject to liability for
第389條 動產之不甚可能為使用而改良
為安全
直接或經由第三人提供動產以供他人使用
之人，知悉或有理由知悉該動產於供作使用
以前，不甚可能改良至合理之安全，而提供
人應預期該動產將被供作使用，提供人對於
physical harm caused by such use to those whom the supplier should
expect to use the chattel or to be endangered by its probable use, and
who are ignorant of the dangerous character of the chattel or whose
knowledge thereof does not make them contributorily negligent,
although the supplier has informed the other for whose use the chattel
is supplied of its dangerous character.
其應預期使用該動產之人或對於該動產之
可能使用而受危害之人，就該動產之應預期
之使用或其可能使用方式而受實體傷害，縱
然提供人通知受提供動產之人有關動產之
危險性，如上述之人不知悉該動產之危險性
質，或其有關該動產之危險之知識未致其與
有過失者，仍應負責任。
§ 390. Chattel For Use By Person Known To Be
Incompetent
One who supplies directly or through a third person a chattel for the
use of another whom the supplier knows or has reason to know to be
likely because of his youth, inexperience, or otherwise, to use it in a
manner involving unreasonable risk of physical harm to himself and
others whom the supplier should expect to share in or be endangered
by its use, is subject to liability for physical harm resulting to them.
第390條 動產之使用人經知悉為無完全
能力
直接或經由第三人提供動產以供他人使用
之人，知悉或有理由知悉，受提供人可能因
其年幼、無經驗或其他原因，使其使用動產
之方式牽涉致其自己、或提供人應預期將參
與使用之人或因其使用而受危害之人，遭受
傷害之不合理危險者，提供人就因而致上述
人受實體傷害時，應負責任。
Topic 2. Persons Supplying Chattels To Be Used For Their
Business Purposes
§ 391. Chattel Known To Be Dangerous
One who supplies directly or through a third person a chattel for
another to use for the supplier's business purposes, knowing or having
reason to know that it is or is likely to be dangerous for the use for
which it is supplied, is subject to liability as stated in §§ 388-390.
第二節 為商業用途而提供動產之人
第391條 知悉為危險之動產
為提供人之商業目的，直接或經由第三人提
供動產以供他人使用，提供人知悉或有理由
知悉該動產為其提供之(特定)用途係有危險
或可能有危險者，應依第388條至第390條之
規定負責。
§ 392. Chattel Dangerous For Intended Use
One who supplies to another, directly or through a third person, a
chattel to be used for the supplier's business purposes is subject to
liability to those for whose use the chattel is supplied, or to those
whom he should expect to be endangered by its probable use, for
physical harm caused by the use of the chattel in the manner for which
and by person for whose use the chattel is supplied
(a) if the supplier fails to exercise reasonable care to make the chattel
safe for the use for which it is supplied, or
(b) if he fails to exercise reasonable care to discover its dangerous
condition or character, and to inform those whom he should expect
to use it.
第392條 就其意圖之使用，有危險之動
產
為提供人之商業目的，直接或經由第三人提
供動產以供他人使用，提供人對於受其提供
而使用動產之人或對於提供人應預期該動
產之可能使用而受危害之人，因動產之由受
其提供而使用動產之人，依提供動產之使用
方式，而致之實體傷害，於下列情形之一，
應負責任：
(a) 提供人怠於行使合理注意使該動產之作
為提供之目的而使用者，改良為安全；
或
(b) 提供人怠於行使合理注意，以發現其危
險情況或性質，且通知其所預期將使用
該動產之人。
§ 393. Effect Of Third Person's Duty To Inspect 第393條 第三人負有檢查責任之效力
One who supplies through a third person a chattel to be used for the
supplier's business purposes is subject to liability under the rules
stated in §§ 391 and 392 although the dangerous character or
condition of the chattel is discoverable by an inspection which the
third person is under a duty to the person injured to make.
為提供人之商業目的，直接或經由第三人提
供動產以供他人使用，縱然該動產之危險性
質或動產之危險情況得經由對於受侵犯之
人有責任之第三人所作之檢查而發現，提供
人仍應依第391條及第392條之規定，而負
責。
Topic 3. Manufacturers Of Chattels
§ 394. Chattel Known To Be Dangerous
The manufacturer of a chattel which he knows or has reason to know
to be, or to be likely to be, dangerous for use is subject to the liability
of a supplier of chattels with such knowledge.
第三節 動產製造者
第394條 知悉具有危險之動產
動產製造者知悉或有理由知悉該動產之使
用有危險，或可能有危險，應有如動產提供
人之具有如此知識時所應負之責任而負責。
§ 395. Negligent Manufacture Of Chattel Dangerous Unless
Carefully Made
A manufacturer who fails to exercise reasonable care in the
manufacture of a chattel which, unless carefully made, he should
recognize as involving an unreasonable risk of causing physical harm
to those who use it for a purpose for which the manufacturer should
expect it to be used and to those whom he should expect to be
endangered by its probable use, is subject to liability for physical
harm caused to them by its lawful use in a manner and for a purpose
for which it is supplied.
第395條 除非謹慎製造，否則具有危險
之過失製造之財產
製造者怠於行使合理注意以製造動產，而該
動產除非謹慎製造，否則製造者應察覺將牽
涉其應預期之依該動產使用之目的而使用
之人或該該動產之可能使用而受危險之
人，將遭受實體傷害之不合理危險者，製造
者對於上述人因該動產之依其提供之目
的、使用方式而合法使用所致之實體傷害應
負責任。
§ 396. Effect Of Third Person's Duty To Inspect
A manufacturer of a chattel is subject to liability under the rules stated
in §§ 394 and 395 although the dangerous character or condition of
the chattel is discoverable by an inspection which the seller or any
other person is under a duty to the person injured to make.
第396條 第三人負有檢察責任之效力
縱然動產之危險性或危險情況，得經由出賣
人或其他對於受侵犯之人負有檢查責任之
人所作檢查而發現，該動產之製造者仍應依
第394條及第395條之規定負責。
§ 397. Chattel Made Under Secret Formula
A manufacturer of a chattel which is compounded under a secret
formula or under a formula which although disclosed should be
recognized as unlikely to be understood by those whom he should
expect to use it lawfully, is subject to liability for physical harm
caused to them and persons whom he should expect to be endangered
by its probable use by his failure to exercise reasonable care to adopt
such a formula and to bring to the knowledge of those who are to use
the chattel such directions as will make it reasonably safe for the use
for which it it supplied.
第397條 依秘方作成之動產
動產係依秘方混合或依一方式縱然公開應
被認定為不可能為製造者所預期之合法使
用之人瞭解而製造，製造者對於其所預期合
法使用該動產之人或其所應預期該動產之
可能使用而受危險之人，因製造人怠於行使
合理注意致採納該製造方式，且怠於向將使
用該動產之人提供使用該動產合理安全之
指示，致(上述人)受實體傷害者，應負責任。
§ 398. Chattel Made Under Dangerous Plan Or Design 第398條 依危險計畫或設計作成之動產
A manufacturer of a chattel made under a plan or design which makes
it dangerous for the uses for which it is manufactured is subject to
liability to others whom he should expect to use the chattel or to be
endangered by its probable use for physical harm caused by his failure
to exercise reasonable care in the adoption of a safe plan or design.
動產係依致其使用有危險之計畫或設計而
製造，製造人怠於行使合理注意以採納安全
之計畫或設計，致其所應預期使用該動產之
人或其所應預期該動產之可能使用而受危
險之人，受實體傷害者，製造人應對之負
責。
Topic 4. Sellers Of Chattels Manufactured By Third
Persons
§ 399. Chattel Known To Be Dangerous
A seller of a chattel, manufactured by a third person, who sells it
knowing that it is, or is likely to be, dangerous is subject to liability as
stated in §§ 388-390.
第四節 第三人製造之動產之出賣人
第399條 知悉具有危險之動產
由第三人製造之動產之出賣人知悉該動產
具有危險性，或知悉其可能有危險性者，依
第388條至第390條之規定而負責。
§ 400. Selling As Own Product Chattel Made By Another
One who puts out as his own product a chattel manufactured by
another is subject to the same liability as though he were its
manufacturer.
第400條 他人製造之動產而以自己製造
之動產出售
就他人製造之動產，以其自己製造之動產
(名義)出售時，應有如該動產製造人所應負
之責任而負責。
§ 401. Chattel Likely To Be Dangerous
A seller of a chattel manufactured by a third person who knows or has
reason to know that the chattel is, or is likely to be, dangerous when
used by a person to whom it is delivered or for whose use it is
supplied, or to others whom the seller should expect to share in or be
endangered by its use, is subject to liability for bodily harm caused
thereby to them if he fails to exercise reasonable care to inform them
of the danger or otherwise to protect them against it.
第401條 可能具有危險之動產
第三人製造之動產之出賣人知悉或有理由
知悉，其交付之人、受其提供而使用之人、
其他出賣人所應預期將參與使用之人、或因
其使用而受危險之人，使用該動產而該動產
具有危險或可能有危險者，出賣人如怠於行
使合理注意通知前述之人該危險，或以其他
方式保護前述之人免受傷害，而致前述之人
受身體傷害時，應負責任。
§ 402. Absence Of Duty To Inspect Chattel
A seller of a chattel manufactured by a third person, who neither
knows nor has reason to know that it is, or is likely to be, dangerous,
is not liable in an action for negligence for harm caused by the
dangerous character or condition of the chattel because of his failure
to discover the danger by an inspection or test of the chattel before
selling it.
第402條 無檢查動產之責任
第三人製造之動產之出賣人既未知悉，亦無
理由知悉該動產有危險或可能有危險，就其
於出售該動產前怠於檢查、試驗該動產以發
現動產危險性質或危險情況，致他人因該危
險受傷害而以過失提起訴訟者，出賣人毋須
負責。
Topic 5. Strict Liability
§ 402A. Special Liability Of Seller Of Product For Physical
Harm To User Or Consumer
第五節 嚴格責任
第402A條 致使用人或消費者受實體傷
害之產品出賣人之特別責任
(1)One who sells any product in a defective condition unreasonably
dangerous to the user or consumer or to his property is subject to
liability for physical harm thereby caused to the ultimate user or
consumer, or to his property, if
(a) the seller is engaged in the business of selling such a product,
and
(b) it is expected to and does reach the user or consumer without
substantial change in the condition in which it is sold.
(2)The rule stated in Subsection (1) applies although
(a) the seller has exercised all possible care in the preparation and
sale of his product, and
(b) the user or consumer has not bought the product from or
entered into any contractual relation with the seller.
(1)產品有對使用人或消費者或其財產受不
合理危險之缺陷情況者，出賣人於符合
下列規定，因該缺陷情況致最終使用人
或消費者或其財產受實體傷害者，應負
責任：
(a) 出賣人從事出售該種產品之營業；並
且
(b) 產品預期且實際到達使用人或消費
者，而其情況無重大改變。
(2)前項之規定，縱然於下列情形，亦應適
用：
(a) 出賣人已行使所有可能之注意於準
備及出售其產品；並且
(b) 使用人或消費者未向出賣人購買該
產品，或與出賣人有任何契約關係。
§ 402B. Misrepresentation By Seller Of Chattels To
Consumer
One engaged in the business of selling chattels who, by advertising,
labels, or otherwise, makes to the public a misrepresentation of a
material fact concerning the character or quality of a chattel sold by
him is subject to liability for physical harm to a consumer of the
chattel caused by justifiable reliance upon the misrepresentation, even
though
(a) it is not made fraudulently or negligently, and
(b) the consumer has not bought the chattel from or entered into any
contractual relation with the seller.
第402B條 動產出賣人對消費者之不實
說明
從事出售動產業務之人，以廣告、標幟或其
他方式，向社會大眾就有關動產之品質、性
質之重要事實，作不實說明，縱然於下列情
形，該動產之消費者之有正當理由而信賴該
不實說明而受實體傷害者，亦應負責任：
(a) 該動產並非以詐欺或過失而製造；並且
(b) 消費者未向出賣人購買該動產，或與出
賣人有任何契約關係。
Topic 6. Independent Contractors
§ 403. Chattel Known To Be Dangerous
One who as an independent contractor makes, rebuilds, or repairs a
chattel for another and turns it over to the other, knowing or having
reason to know that his work has made it dangerous for the use for
which it is turned over, is subject to the same liability as if he supplied
the chattel.
第六節 獨立契約人
第403條 知悉具有危險之動產
獨立契約人為他人製造、重建或修繕動產，
於交付該動產時知悉或有理由知悉該動產
因其工作而致其作為原期望目的使用時具
有危險，該獨立契約人應有如提供該動產而
負責任。
§ 404. Negligence In Making, Rebuilding, Or Repairing
Chattel
One who as an independent contractor negligently makes, rebuilds, or
repairs a chattel for another is subject to the same liability as that
imposed upon negligent manufacturers of chattels.
第404條 製造、重建或修繕動產有過失
獨立契約人為他人製造、重建或修繕動產有
過失時，應有如動產製造人之過失行為而負
責。
Topic 7. Donors, Lenders, And Lessors Of Chattels
§ 405. Donors And Lenders Of Chattels Known To Be
第七節 動產之贈與人、貸與人及出租人
第405條 知悉動產具有危險之贈與人、
Dangerous
One who directly or through a third person gives or lends a chattel for
another to use, knowing or having reason to know that it is or is likely
to be dangerous for the use for which it is given or lent, is subject to
the same liability as a supplier of the chattel.
貸與人
直接或經由第三人為他人之使用而贈與或
借貸動產，贈與人或貸與人知悉或有理由知
悉該動產之就其贈與或借貸之使用，有危險
或可能有危險者，該贈與人或貸與人應有如
該動產之提供人而負責。
§ 406. Manufacturer Giving Or Lending Negligently Made
Chattel
A manufacturer who in the course of his business as such directly or
through a third person gives or lends to another a chattel made by
him, is subject to the same liability as if he had sold the chattel.
第406條 製造人之贈與或借貸過失製造
之動產
動產製造人於其營業之過程，直接或經由第
三人，贈予或貸與他人其所製造之動產，應
有如出售該動產而負責任。
§ 407. Lessors Of Chattels Known To Be Dangerous
A lessor who leases a chattel for the use of others, knowing or having
reason to know that it is or is likely to be dangerous for the purpose
for which it is to be used, is subject to liability as a supplier of the
chattel.
第407條 知悉動產有危險之出租人
租賃動產以供他人使用之人知悉，或有理由
知悉，該動產於作為借貸使用之目的而使用
時，具有危險，或可能有危險者，貸與人應
負有如該動產之提供人之責任。
§ 408. Lease Of Chattel For Immediate Use
One who leases a chattel as safe for immediate use is subject to
liability to those whom he should expect to use the chattel, or to be
endangered by its probable use, for physical harm caused by its use in
a manner for which, and by a person for whose use, it is leased, if the
lessor fails to exercise reasonable care to make it safe for such use or
to disclose its actual condition to those who may be expected to use it.
第408條 為即時、當前使用之動產租賃
為即時、當前安全使用而租賃動產之人，如
怠於行使合理注意，使該動產得安全使用或
將其實際情況向預期可能使用之人公布
時，對於租賃人(出租人)所應預期使用該動
產之人，或因該動產之可能使用而受危險之
人，因依租賃使用之人，依動產之租賃使用
方式而受實體傷害者，應負責任。
Chapter 15. Liability Of An Employer Of An Independent
Contractor
§ 409. General Principle
Except as stated in §§ 410-429, the employer of an independent
contractor is not liable for physical harm caused to another by an act
or omission of the contractor or his servants.
第十五章 獨立契約的人之僱用人之責
任
第409條 一般原則
除第410條至第429條規定外，獨立契約之僱
用人就獨立契約人或其受僱人之作為或不
作為，致他人受實體傷害，毋須負責。
Topic 1. Harm Caused By Fault Of Employers Of
Independent Contractors
§ 410. Contractor's Conduct In Obedience To Employer's
Directions
The employer of an independent contractor is subject to the same
liability for physical harm caused by an act or omission committed by
第一節 僱用人之故意、過失所致之傷害
第410條 服從僱用人之指示之獨立契約
人之行為
獨立契約人之僱用人，就獨立契約人依據僱
用人之過失命令或指示所作之作為或不作
the contractor pursuant to orders or directions negligently given by the
employer, as though the act or omission were that of the employer
himself.
為而致之實體傷害，應就獨立契約人之作為
或不作為視為僱用人之行為，而負責任。
§ 411. Negligence In Selection Of Contractor
An employer is subject to liability for physical harm to third persons
caused by his failure to exercise reasonable care to employ a
competent and careful contractor
(a) to do work which will involve a risk of physical harm unless it is
skillfully and carefully done, or
(b) to perform any duty which the employer owes to third persons.
第411條 選任獨立契約人之過失
僱用人怠於行使合理注意以僱用有能力，謹
慎之獨立契約人，
(a) 以從事除非有技術、謹慎從事，將牽涉
實體傷害之危險；或
(b) 以履行僱用人對第三人應負之責任；
其因而致第三人受實體傷害者，應負責任。
§ 412. Failure To Inspect Work Of Contractor After
Completion
One who is under a duty to exercise reasonable care to maintain land
or chattels in such condition as not to involve unreasonable risk of
bodily harm to others and who entrusts the work of repair and
maintenance to an independent contractor, is subject to liability for
bodily harm caused to them by his failure to exercise such care as the
circumstances may reasonably require him to exercise to ascertain
whether the land or chattel is in reasonably safe condition after the
contractor's work is completed.
第412條 工作物完成後怠於檢查
有行使合理注意以維持土地或動產不致牽
涉致他人受身體傷害之不合理危險之人，將
修繕及維護之工作委託獨立契約人從事，而
怠於行使就客觀情況應加注意於獨立契約
人之工作完成後，檢查確定該土地或動產是
否為合理之安全情況，致他人受身體傷害
者，應負責任。
§ 413. Duty To Provide For Taking Of Precautions Against
Dangers Involved In Work Entrusted To Contractor
One who employs an independent contractor to do work which the
employer should recognize as likely to create, during its progress, a
peculiar unreasonable risk of physical harm to others unless special
precautions are taken, is subject to liability for physical harm caused
to them by the absence of such precautions if the employer
(a) fails to provide in the contract that the contractor shall take such
precautions, or
(b) fails to exercise reasonable care to provide in some other manner
for the taking of such precautions.
第413條 委託獨立契約人之工作牽涉危
險，使採取事先預防以避免危險之責任
僱用人應認知獨立契約人之於進行其工作
中，除非有特別之事先預防，可能發生致他
人受實體傷害之特殊不合理危險者，如僱用
人
(a) 怠於契約中約定獨立契約人應採取此種
事先預防；或
(b) 怠於行使合理注意以其他方式使採取此
種預防措施；
致因而欠缺此種事先預防措施，使他人受實
體傷害時，應負責任。
§ 414. Negligence In Exercising Control Retained By
Employer
One who entrusts work to an independent contractor, but who retains
the control of any part of the work, is subject to liability for physical
harm to others for whose safety the employer owes a duty to exercise
reasonable care, which is caused by his failure to exercise his control
with reasonable care.
第414條 僱用人之行使其仍保留之支
配、監督權之過失
僱用人將工作委託獨立契約人，但保留部分
工作之監督、支配權，如僱用人就他人之安
全負有行使合理注意責任者，因僱用人怠於
行使合理注意以監督、支配，致該他人受實
體傷害時，僱用人應負責任。
§ 414A. Duty Of Possessor Of Land To Prevent Activities
And Conditions Dangerous To Those Outside Of Land
A possessor of land who has employed or permitted an independent
contractor to do work on the land, and knows or has reason to know
that the activities of the contractor or conditions created by him
involve an unreasonable risk of physical harm to those outside of the
land, is subject to liability to them for such harm if he fails to exercise
reasonable care to protect them against it.
第414A條 土地占有人之避免活動、情
況致立於土地以外之人受危險責任
土地占有人僱用或准許獨立契約人於其土
地上工作，且知悉或有理由知悉獨立契約人
之活動或其所形成之情況，牽涉致立於土地
以外之人受實體傷害之不合理危險者，如土
地占有人怠於行使合理注意以保護立於土
地以外之人免受實體傷害，而致其受此種傷
害時，應對之負責。
§ 415. Duty To Supervise Equipment And Methods Of
Contractors Or Concessionaires On Land Held Open To
Public
A possessor of land who holds it open to the public for any purpose is
subject to liability to members of the public entering for that purpose
for physical harm caused to them by his failure to exercise reasonable
care to protect them against unreasonably dangerous activities of, or
unreasonably dangerous conditions created by, an independent
contractor or concessionaire employed or permitted to do work or
carry on an activity on the land.
第415條 供大眾進入之土地，(土地占有
人)就設備、獨立契約人及有特許權之人
之處理事務之監督責任
將土地提供大眾進入之土地占有人，就獨立
契約人、有特許權之人之經准許或受僱用於
該土地工作或從事活動，所致不合理危險活
動或不合理危險情況，因其怠於行使合理注
意，以保護依其提供大眾進入之目的而進入
之大眾一份子，而致該進入之人受實體傷害
者，應負責任。
Topic 2. Harm Caused By Negligence Of A Carefully
Selected Independent Contractor
§ 416. Work Dangerous In Absence Of Special Precautions
One who employs an independent contractor to do work which the
employer should recognize as likely to create during its progress a
peculiar risk of physical harm to others unless special precautions are
taken, is subject to liability for physical harm caused to them by the
failure of the contractor to exercise reasonable care to take such
precautions, even though the employer has provided for such
precautions in the contract or otherwise.
第二節 選擇獨立契約人有過失而致之
傷害
第416條 缺乏特別預防措施之工作物危
險
僱用人應認知獨立契約人之於進行其工作
中，除非有特別之事先預防，可能發生致他
人受實體傷害之特殊不合理危險，縱然僱用
人已於契約或依其他方式，提供此種事先預
防措施，如獨立契約人怠於行使合理注意採
取此種事先預防措施，致他人受實體傷害
者，僱用人應負責任。
§ 417. Work Done In Public Place
One who employs an independent contractor to do work in a public
place which unless carefully done involves a risk of making the
physical condition of the place dangerous for the use of members of
the public, is subject to liability for physical harm caused to members
of the public by a negligent act or omission of the contractor which
makes the physical condition of the place dangerous for their use.
第417條 於公共處所從事之工作
僱用獨立契約人於公共處所從事工作，該工
作除非謹慎為之，將牽涉致該處所之實體情
況於社會大眾使用時受危險，如致公共處所
之使用實體情況變為危險之獨立契約人因
其作為或不作為，而致社會大眾受實體傷害
者，僱用人應負責任。
§ 418. Maintenance Of Public Highways And Other Public
Places
第418條 公路及其他公共處所之維護
(1)One who is under a duty to construct or maintain a highway in
reasonably safe condition for the use of the public, and who
entrusts its construction, maintenance, or repair to an independent
contractor, is subject to the same liability for physical harm to
persons using the highway while it is held open for travel during
such work, caused by the negligent failure of the contractor to
make it reasonably safe for travel, as though the employer had
retained the work in his own hands.
(2)The statement in Subsection (1) applies to any place which is
maintained by a government for the use of the public, if the
government is under the same duty to maintain it in reasonably
safe condition as it owes to the public in respect to the condition of
its highways.
(1)有建造或維護公路於合理安全情況以供
大眾使用之人，將建造、維護或修繕委
託獨立契約人，就其工作進行中而仍供
大眾使用，因獨立契約人之過失，怠於
使公路合理安全以供使用，而致大眾受
實體傷害者，僱用人應有如該工作仍由
其控制而負責任。
(2)政府為大眾使用而維護之任何處所，係
有如就公路情況之對大眾使該處所合理
安全情況之責任，(本條)前項之規定亦有
其適用。
§ 419. Repairs Which Lessor Is Under A Duty To His
Lessee To Make
A lessor of land who employs an independent contractor to perform a
duty which the lessor owes to his lessee to maintain the leased land in
reasonably safe condition, is subject to liability to the lessee, and to
third persons upon the land with the consent of the lessee, for physical
harm caused by the contractor's failure to exercise reasonable care to
make the land reasonably safe.
第419條 出租人對承租人應負責之修繕
土地出租人對於承租人有維持租賃土地於
合理安全情況之責任，而僱用獨立契約人履
行其責任，就承租人、經承租人經同意而於
土地之人，因獨立契約人之怠於行使合理注
意以維護該土地合理安全，而受實體傷害
者，出租人應負責任。
§ 420. Repairs Gratuitously Undertaken By Lessor
A lessor of land who employs an independent contractor to make
repairs which the lessor is under no duty to make, is subject to the
same liability to the lessee, and to others upon the land with the
consent of the lessee, for physical harm caused by the contractor's
negligence in making or purporting to make the repairs as though the
contractor's conduct were that of the lessor.
第420條 出租人之無償修繕
土地出租人無修繕義務而僱用獨立契約人
修繕，就承租人、經承租人同意而於土地之
人，因獨立契約人之履行修繕或宣稱為修繕
目的之過失行為，而受實體傷害者，僱用人
(出租人)就獨立契約人之行為，有如其自己
之行為而負責。
§ 421. Maintenance Of Structures On Land Retained In
Lessor's Possession Necessary To Tenant's Enjoyment Of
Leased Land
A possessor of land who, having leased a part of the land, is under a
duty to maintain in reasonably safe condition the part retained by him,
and who entrusts the repair of such part to an independent contractor,
is subject to the same liability to the lessee, and to others upon the
retained part of the land with the consent of the lessee, for physical
harm caused by the negligence of the contractor in failing to maintain
such part of the land in reasonably safe condition, as though the lessor
had himself retained the making of the repairs in his own hands.
第421條 出租人保留支配但係為承租人
享受租賃土地所必要之土地上之建造物
之維護
土地占有人將其部分土地出租而有責任維
護其仍保留支配權之部分土地於合理安全
情況，如將修繕此部分土地委託獨立契約
人，就承租人、經承租人同意而於占有人保
留支配之土地之他人，因獨立契約人之過
失，怠於維護該部分土地於合理安全情況，
致前述之人受實體傷害者，土地占有人(出
租人)應有如自己修繕而負責任。
§ 422. Work On Buildings And Other Structures On Land 第422條 於土地之建築物或其他建造物
之工作
A possessor of land who entrusts to an independent contractor
construction, repair, or other work on the land, or on a building or
other structure upon it, is subject to the same liability as though he
had retained the work in his own hands to others on or outside of the
land for physical harm caused to them by the unsafe condition of the
structure
(a) while the possessor has retained possession of the land during the
progress of the work, or
(b) after he has resumed possession of the land upon its completion.
土地占有人將於土地之建造、修繕建築物或
其他建造物，委託獨立契約人，於下列情形
之一者，對於在該土地之人或於該土地以外
之人，因建造物之不安全情況所致之實體傷
害，應有如占有人自己從事該工作而負責：
(a) 於該工作進行中，占有人仍保留土地之
占有；或
(b) 於工作完成後，占有人回復對該土地之
占有。
§ 422A. Work Withdrawing Lateral Support
One who employs an independent contractor to do work which the
employer knows or should know to be likely to withdraw lateral
support from the land of another is subject to the same liability for the
contractor's withdrawal of such support as if the employer had
retained the work in his own hands.
第422A條 致撤除側面支撐之工作
僱用人知悉或應知悉其委託獨立契約人從
事之工作，可能導致撤除他人土地之側面支
撐，就獨立契約人之撤除此種支撐，僱用人
應有如自己從事該工作而負責。
§ 423. Making Or Repair Of Instrumentalities Used In
Highly Dangerous Activities
One who carries on an activity which threatens a grave risk of serious
bodily harm or death unless the instrumentalities used are carefully
constructed and maintained, and who employs an independent
contractor to construct or maintain such instrumentalities, is subject to
the same liability for physical harm caused by the negligence of the
contractor in constructing or maintaining such instrumentalities as
though the employer had himself done the work of construction or
maintenance.
第423條 使用於高度危險性活動之工具
之製造或修繕
從事除非所使用之工具須經謹慎製造、維
持，否則有致死亡或嚴重身體傷害之重大危
險之活動之人，就該獨立契約人之過失製造
或修繕該工具致受實體傷害時，僱用人應有
如自行製造或修繕而負責任。
§ 424. Precautions Required By Statute Or Regulation
One who by statute or by administrative regulation is under a duty to
provide specified safeguards or precautions for the safety of others is
subject to liability to the others for whose protection the duty is
imposed for harm caused by the failure of a contractor employed by
him to provide such safeguards or precautions.
第424條 成文法或行政規範所規定之預
防措施
依成文法或行政規範為他人安全有提供特
定保護或預防措施責任之人，因其所僱用之
獨立契約人之怠於提供此種保護或預防措
施，致成文法或行政規範附加此種責任所欲
保護之人受傷害者，應負責任。
§ 425. Repair Of Chattel Supplied Or Land Held Open To
Public As Place Of Business
One who employs an independent contractor to maintain in safe
condition land which he holds open to the entry of the public as his
place of business, or a chattel which he supplies for others to use for
his business purposes or which he leases for immediate use, is subject
to the same liability for physical harm caused by the contractor's
negligent failure to maintain the land or chattel in reasonably safe
第425條 提供之動產之修繕及作為營業
所之土地之修繕
為維持作為營業所以供大眾進出土地之安
全情況而僱用獨立契約人為之，或為營業目
的而提出動產為他人使用或提供動產以出
租為當前、即時使用而僱用獨立契約人維持
該動產之安全情況，因獨立契約人之過失怠
於維持該土地或動產於合理之安全情況，致
condition, as though he had retained its maintenance in his own hands. 受實體傷害者，僱用人應有如自行之為而負
責任。
§ 426. Negligence Collateral To Risk Of Doing The Work
Except as stated in §§ 428 and 429, an employer of an independent
contractor, unless he is himself negligent, is not liable for physical
harm caused by any negligence of the contractor if
(a) the contractor's negligence consists solely in the improper manner
in which he does the work, and
(b) it creates a risk of such harm which is not inherent in or normal to
the work, and
(c) the employer had no reason to contemplate the contractor's
negligence when the contract was made.
第426條 附隨於從事工作之危險之過失
除第428條及第429條規定外，僱用人除其自
己有過失外，於下列情形，因獨立契約人之
過失所致之實體傷害，毋須負責：
(a) 獨立契約人之過失係僅在於從事工作之
不適當方式；並且
(b) 因而形成之傷害之危險，並非該工作所
固有或其工作之通常現象；並且
(c) 僱用人於訂約時，無理由預測獨立契約
人之過失。
§ 427. Negligence As To Danger Inherent In The Work
One who employs an independent contractor to do work involving a
special danger to others which the employer knows or has reason to
know to be inherent in or normal to the work, or which he
contemplates or has reason to contemplate when making the contract,
is subject to liability for physical harm caused to such others by the
contractor's failure to take reasonable precautions against such danger.
第427條 工作固有危險之過失
僱用人知悉或有理由知悉工作之固有或通
常之牽涉致他人(受傷害)之特別危險，而委
託獨立契約人為該工作，或僱用人訂約時預
期或有理由預期工作之固有或通常之牽涉
致他人(受傷害)之特別危險，而委託獨立契
約人為該工作，因獨立契約人之怠於採取合
理預防措施以避免此種危險，而致他人受實
體傷害者，僱用人應負責任。
§ 427A. Work Involving Abnormally Dangerous Activity
One who employs an independent contractor to do work which the
employer knows or has reason to know to involve an abnormally
dangerous activity, is subject to liability to the same extent as the
contractor for physical harm to others caused by the activity.
第427A條 牽涉不尋常危險活動之工作
僱用人知悉或有理由知悉工作牽涉不尋常
之危險活動，而委託獨立契約人為之，因該
活動致他人受傷害者，僱用人負有與獨立契
約人同樣範圍之責任。
§ 427B. Work Likely To Involve Trespass Or Nuisance
One who employs an independent contractor to do work which the
employer knows or has reason to know to be likely to involve a
trespass upon the land of another or the creation of a public or a
private nuisance, is subject to liability for harm resulting to others
from such trespass or nuisance.
第427B條 可能牽涉侵入行為或惱神思
之工作
僱用人知悉或有理由知悉工作可能牽涉致
他人土地有侵入行為或形成惱神思，而委託
獨立契約人為之者，因此種侵權行為或惱神
思而致他人受傷害者，僱用人應負責任。
§ 428. Contractor's Negligence In Doing Work Which
Cannot Lawfully Be Done Except Under A Franchise
Granted To His Employer
An individual or a corporation carrying on an activity which can be
lawfully carried on only under a franchise granted by public authority
第428條 須經公權力授與僱用人特許權
方得合法從事工作之獨立契約人之過失
經公權力授與特許權，個人或公司方得合法
從事活動，而該活動牽涉致他人受傷害之不
and which involves an unreasonable risk of harm to others, is subject
to liability for physical harm caused to such others by the negligence
of a contractor employed to do work in carrying on the activity.
合理危險時，因僱用從事該活動之獨立契約
人之過失行為，致他人受實體傷害者，該特
許權人，(僱用人)應負責任。
§ 429. Negligence In Doing Work Which Is Accepted In
Reliance On The Employer's Doing The Work Himself
One who employs an independent contractor to perform services for
another which are accepted in the reasonable belief that the services
are being rendered by the employer or by his servants, is subject to
liability for physical harm caused by the negligence of the contractor
in supplying such services, to the same extent as though the employer
were supplying them himself or by his servants.
第429條 信賴僱用人自己完成工作而接
受之工作之過失
僱用人為他人提供勞務之履行，委託獨立契
約人為之，但其所以被接受係因該他人合理
相信該勞務提供係由僱用人或其受僱人為
之者，如獨立契約人於提供此勞務之過失，
致實體傷害時，僱用人應負有如該勞務係由
自己或其受僱人為之所應負之責任之範圍
而負責。
Chapter 16. The Causal Relation Necessary To
Responsibility For Negligence
Topic 1. Causal Relation Necessary To The Existence Of
Liability For Another's Harm
Title A. General Principles
§ 430. Necessity Of Adequate Causal Relation
In order that a negligent actor shall be liable for another's harm, it is
necessary not only that the actor's conduct be negligent toward the
other, but also that the negligence of the actor be a legal cause of the
other's harm.
第十六章 就過失負責所必要之因果關
係
第一節 就他人之傷害之責任存在所必
要之因果關係
第一款 一般原則
第430條 充分因果關係之必要性
過失行為人就他人受傷害須負責者，不但行
為人之行為對該他人有過失，且行為人之過
失為該他人受傷害之法律原因。
§ 431. What Constitutes Legal Cause
The actor's negligent conduct is a legal cause of harm to another if
(a) his conduct is a substantial factor in bringing about the harm, and
(b) there is no rule of law relieving the actor from liability because of
the manner in which his negligence has resulted in the harm.
第431條 何者構成法律原因
行為人之過失符合下列規定時，為致他人傷
害之法律原因：
(a) 其行為致該傷害發生之重大因素；並且
(b) 其過失致傷害，但就其過失之方式無法
律規則免除行為人之責任。
§ 432. Negligent Conduct As Necessary Antecedent Of
Harm
(1)Except as stated in Subsection (2), the actor's negligent conduct is
not a substantial factor in bringing about harm to another if the
harm would have been sustained even if the actor had not been
negligent.
(2)If two forces are actively operating, one because of the actor's
negligence, the other not because of any misconduct on his part,
and each of itself is sufficient to bring about harm to another, the
actor's negligence may be found to be a substantial factor in
第432條 過失行為係傷害之必要前提
(1)除本條第2項規定外，如傷害縱無行為人
之過失，亦仍將發生者，行為人之過失
行為非致傷害發生之重要因素。
(2)如有兩種力量積極運作。其一係因行為
人之過失而致；另一非行為人之任何不
當行為所致。而兩種力量中之任一力量
均足以致他人受傷害者，行為人之過失
bringing it about. 得被認為係致傷害發生之重要因素。
§ 433. Considerations Important In Determining Whether
Negligent Conduct Is Substantial Factor In Producing
Harm
The following considerations are in themselves or in combination
with one another important in determining whether the actor's conduct
is a substantial factor in bringing about harm to another:
(a) the number of other factors which contribute in producing the
harm and the extent of the effect which they have in producing it;
(b) whether the actor's conduct has created a force or series of forces
which are in continuous and active operation up to the time of the
harm, or has created a situation harmless unless acted upon by
other forces for which the actor is not responsible;
(c) lapse of time.
第433條 決定過失行為是否為致傷害之
重要考慮
下列規定之各個考慮或數個合併考慮，以決
定過失行為是否為致傷害之重大因素：
(a) 致該傷害之其他因素之數目及該其他因
素所致效果之程度；
(b) 是否行為人之行為形成一力量或一連串
力量，持續且積極運作直至傷害發生
時，或所形成之力量致除非其他力量之
作用，不致發生傷害之情勢；
(c) 時間之經過(時效)。
§ 433A. Apportionment Of Harm To Causes
(1)Damages for harm are to be apportioned among two or more
causes where
(a) there are distinct harms, or
(b) there is a reasonable basis for determining the contribution of
each cause to a single harm.
(2)Damages for any other harm cannot be apportioned among two or
more causes.
第433A條 依原因而就傷害(之損害賠
償)之分離
(1)傷害之賠償，於下列情形，應就兩個或
兩個以上原因而分離：
(a) 有分別之傷害；或
(b) 有決定各原因致單一傷害歸責之合
理基礎。
(2)其他傷害之賠償，不得就兩個或兩個以
上原因而分攤。
§ 433B. Burden Of Proof
(1)Except as stated in Subsections (2) and (3), the burden of proof
that the tortious conduct of the defendant has caused the harm to
the plaintiff is upon the plaintiff.
(2)Where the tortious conduct of two or more actors has combined to
bring about harm to the plaintiff, and one or more of the actors
seeks to limit his liability on the ground that the harm is capable of
apportionment among them, the burden of proof as to the
apportionment is upon each such actor.
(3)Where the conduct of two or more actors is tortious, and it is
proved that harm has been caused to the plaintiff by only one of
them, but there is uncertainty as to which one has caused it, the
burden is upon each such actor to prove that he has not caused the
harm.
第433B條 舉證責任
(1)除本條第2項、第3項規定外，被告之侵
權行為致原告受傷害之舉證責任，由原
告為之。
(2)兩個或兩個以上行為人之侵權行為之結
合而致原告之傷害，一位或多位行為人
本於傷害得由數行為人分攤而企求限制
其責任時，關於分攤之舉證責任，由各
個作此種企求之行為人為之。
(3)兩個或兩個以上行為人之行為係侵權行
為，且經證明致原告所受之傷害係僅由
其中之一侵權行為所致，但不能確定何
者致該傷害者，證明非其行為致該傷害
之責任，應由各個行為人負責。
§ 434. Functions Of Court And Jury
(1)It is the function of the court to determine
(a) whether the evidence as to the facts makes an issue upon
which the jury may reasonably differ as to whether the
第434條 法院及陪審團之功能
(1)法院之功能為：
(a) 關於事實之證據，陪審團可能就被告
之行為是否為致原告受傷害之重大
conduct of the defendant has been a substantial factor in
causing the harm to the plaintiff;
(b) whether the harm to the plaintiff is capable of apportionment
among two or more causes; and
(c) the questions of causation and apportionment, in any case in
which the jury may not reasonably differ.
(2)It is the function of the jury to determine, in any case in which it
may reasonably differ on the issue,
(a) whether the defendant's conduct has been a substantial factor
in causing the harm to the plaintiff, and
(b) the apportionment of the harm to two or more causes.
因素有合理的分歧見解，(法院決定)
該事實證據是否構成一爭執點；
(b) 決定對原告之傷害，是否得就兩個或
兩個以上原因而分攤；
(c) 陪審團就因果關係及分攤可能無合
理分歧見解者，(由法院決定)該因果
關係及分攤。
(2)就下列事項有合理分歧時，陪審團之功
能為決定之：
(a) 被告之行為是否為致原告受傷害之
重大因素；
(b) 傷害係由兩個或兩個以上原因所致
時，賠償之分攤。
Title B. Rules Which Determine The Responsibility Of A
Negligent Actor For Harm Which His Conduct Is A
Substantial Factor In Producing
§ 435. Foreseeability Of Harm Or Manner Of Its
Occurrence
(1)If the actor's conduct is a substantial factor in bringing about harm
to another, the fact that the actor neither foresaw nor should have
foreseen the extent of the harm or the manner in which it occurred
does not prevent him from being liable.
(2)The actor's conduct may be held not to be a legal cause of harm to
another where after the event and looking back from the harm to
the actor's negligent conduct, it appears to the court highly
extraordinary that it should have brought about the harm.
第二款 決定過失行為人之行為係致傷
害之重大因素應負責任之法律規則
第435條 傷害或其發生方式之可預見性
(1)如行為人之行為係致他人受傷害之重大
因素，行為人既未預見，亦未應預見該
傷害之程度或其發生之方式之事實，不
因而免除行為人應負之責任。
(2)事件發生後，就傷害而回顧行為人之過
失行為，使法院認為，被告之過失行為
而致該傷害係異常特別者，行為人之行
為可能被判決為，非致他人受傷害之法
律原因。
§ 435A. Intended Consequences
A person who commits a tort against another for the purpose of
causing a particular harm to the other is liable for such harm if it
results, whether or not it is expectable, except where the harm results
from an outside force the risk of which is not increased by the
defendant's act.
第435A條 所意圖之結果
為使他人受特定傷害之目的而實行侵權行
為，如該傷害(實際)發生，不論是否為可預
期之傷害，除非該傷害係外在力所致，且行
為人(被告)之行為未增加傷害之危險，行為
人應負責任。
§ 435B. Unintended Consequences Of Intentional Invasions
Where a person has intentionally invaded the legally protected
interests of another, his intention to commit an invasion, the degree of
his moral wrong in acting, and the seriousness of the harm which he
intended are important factors in determining whether he is liable for
resulting unintended harm.
第435B條 故意侵犯之無意圖之結果
故意侵犯他人之法律保護利益而致無意圖
之傷害後果者，其實行侵犯行為之故意、其
不道德觀念之實際進行之程度、其意圖之傷
害之嚴重性等，為決定行為人對於其無意圖
之傷害，是否應負責任之重要因素。
§ 436. Physical Harm Resulting From Emotional
Disturbance
第436條 因精神痛苦而致之實體傷害
(1)If the actor's conduct is negligent as violating a duty of care
designed to protect another from a fright or other emotional
disturbance which the actor should recognize as involving an
unreasonable risk of bodily harm, the fact that the harm results
solely through the internal operation of the fright or other
emotional disturbance does not protect the actor from liability.
(2)If the actor's conduct is negligent as creating an unreasonable risk
of causing bodily harm to another otherwise than by subjecting
him to fright, shock, or other similar and immediate emotional
disturbance, the fact that such harm results solely from the internal
operation of fright or other emotional disturbance does not protect
the actor from liability.
(3)The rule stated in Subsection (2) applies where the bodily harm to
the other results from his shock or fright at harm or peril to a
member of his immediate family occurring in his presence.
(1)行為人之行為因違反保護他人免受驚嚇
或其他精神痛苦而設計之注意義務，且
行為人應察覺此種驚嚇或其他精神痛苦
牽涉致身體傷害之不合理危險者，該身
體傷害係純因驚嚇或其他精神痛苦之受
害人內部運動而致之事實，並不因而使
行為人免除其應負之責任。
(2)行為人係因致驚嚇、震撼或其他類似之
即時之精神痛苦以外之其他原因而致他
人有受身體傷害之不合理危險，而有過
失；但受害人之身體傷害係因驚嚇或其
他精神痛苦之受害人內部運作而致之事
實，並不因而使行為人免除其應負之責
任。
(3)致他人受身體傷害係因(行為人)在(受害
人)之前，使其家屬受傷害或蒙受災難之
震撼或驚嚇而致者，前2項之規定亦有其
適用。
§ 436A. Negligence Resulting In Emotional Disturbance
Alone
If the actor's conduct is negligent as creating an unreasonable risk of
causing either bodily harm or emotional disturbance to another, and it
results in such emotional disturbance alone, without bodily harm or
other compensable damage, the actor is not liable for such emotional
disturbance.
第436A條 僅致精神痛苦之過失
行為人因形成致他人有受身體傷害或精神
痛苦之不合理危險之行為而有過失，但其過
失行為僅致精神痛苦，未致身體傷害或其他
得請求賠償之損失者，行為人就該精神痛
苦，毋須負責。
§ 437. Actor's Subsequent Efforts To Prevent His
Negligence From Causing Harm
If the actor's negligent conduct is a substantial factor in bringing about
harm to another, the fact that after the risk has been created by his
negligence the actor has exercised reasonable care to prevent it from
taking effect in harm does not prevent him from being liable for the
harm.
第437條 行為人之其後努力避免其過失
致傷害
如行為人之過失行為係致他人受傷害之重
大因素，其過失形成危險後，行為人(曾)行
使合理注意以避免傷害之發生之事實，並不
因而使行為人免除其應就傷害而負之責任。
§ 438. Harm Resulting To Or Caused By Animals
Negligently Deprived Of Custody
If the actor's negligent conduct deprives animals of the control which
is necessary to prevent them from harming themselves or the persons,
lands, or chattels of others, the actor is liable for any harm which the
absence of such control is a substantial factor in bringing about.
第438條 過失撤除管束動物所致或發生
之傷害
行為人之過失行為致動物之管束撤除，而該
管束為避免動物侵害其自身、人、他人土地
或動產所必要者，行為人就欠缺此種管束為
傷害發生之重大因素之傷害，應負責任。
§ 439. Effect Of Contributing Acts Of Third Persons When
Actor's Negligence Is Actively Operating
第439條 行為人之過失行為積極運作
時，第三人之參與行為之效力
If the effects of the actor's negligent conduct actively and
continuously operate to bring about harm to another, the fact that the
active and substantially simultaneous operation of the effects of a
third person's innocent, tortious, or criminal act is also a substantial
factor in bringing about the harm does not protect the actor from
liability.
行為人之過失行為之效力積極地、持續地運
作而致他人受傷害，雖第三人之無過失行
為、侵權行為或犯罪行為之積極地、實質上
同時地運作之效力，亦為致該傷害之重大因
素，並不因而使行為人免除其應就傷害而負
之責任。
Title C. Superseding Cause
§ 440. Superseding Cause Defined
A superseding cause is an act of a third person or other force which by
its intervention prevents the actor from being liable for harm to
another which his antecedent negligence is a substantial factor in
bringing about.
第三款 替代原因
第440條 替代原因之定義
替代原因係指，第三人之行為或其他之力之
介入，使行為人之先前過失行為為致傷害之
重大因素而應就該傷害負責任者，因而免於
負責。
§ 441. Intervening Force Defined
(1)An intervening force is one which actively operates in producing
harm to another after the actor's negligent act or omission has been
committed.
(2)Whether the active operation of an intervening force prevents the
actor's antecedent negligence from being a legal cause in bringing
about harm to another is determined by the rules stated in §§
442-453.
第441條 介入力之定義
(1)介人力係指行為人之過失作為或不作為
已實行後，積極運作而產生致他人受傷
害之力。
(2)介入力之積極運作是否使行為人之先前
過失行為免於成為致他人受傷害之法律
原因，依第442條至第453條所規定之規
則而決定。
§ 442. Considerations Important In Determining Whether
An Intervening Force Is A Superseding Cause
The following considerations are of importance in determining
whether an intervening force is a superseding cause of harm to
another:
(a) the fact that its intervention brings about harm different in kind
from that which would otherwise have resulted from the actor's
negligence;
(b) the fact that its operation or the consequences thereof appear after
the event to be extraordinary rather than normal in view of the
circumstances existing at the time of its operation;
(c) the fact that the intervening force is operating independently of
any situation created by the actor's negligence, or, on the other
hand, is or is not a normal result of such a situation;
(d) the fact that the operation of the intervening force is due to a third
person's act or to his failure to act;
(e) the fact that the intervening force is due to an act of a third person
which is wrongful toward the other and as such subjects the third
person to liability to him;
(f) the degree of culpability of a wrongful act of a third person which
sets the intervening force in motion.
第442條 決定介入力是否為替代原因之
重要考慮因素
於決定介入力是否為替代原因，應就下列重
要事項考慮：
(a) 因介入力而致之傷害與行為人之過失原
應發生之傷害，於種類上不同(之事實)；
(b) 事件發生後，就其運作或結果，依其運
作時之情況，顯然特殊而非通常(之事實)
(c) 介入力係獨立於行為人之過失所形成之
情勢而獨立運作；或另一方面，介入力
係行為人過失所形成之情勢之正常結果
或非其正常結果(之事實)
(d) 介入力之運作係因第三人之作為，或其
怠於作為而致(之事實)；
(e) 介入力係第三人之非法指向他人(受害
人)，且因而使該第三人應對該他人負責
任(之事實)；
(f) 第三人之非法行為而致介入力之運作，
而該非法行為之可懲罰性之程度。
§ 442A. Intervening Force Risked By Actor's Conduct
Where the negligent conduct of the actor creates or increases the
foreseeable risk of harm through the intervention of another force, and
is a substantial factor in causing the harm, such intervention is not a
superseding cause.
第442A條 介入力與行為人之行為之形
成傷害之危險
行為人之過失行為經由其他力之介入而形
成或增加傷害之可預見危險，且行為人之過
失行為係致該傷害之重大因素者，該介入非
替代原因。
§ 442B. Intervening Force Causing Same Harm As That
Risked By Actor's Conduct
Where the negligent conduct of the actor creates or increases the risk
of a particular harm and is a substantial factor in causing that harm,
the fact that the harm is brought about through the intervention of
another force does not relieve the actor of liability, except where the
harm is intentionally caused by a third person and is not within the
scope of the risk created by the actor's conduct.
第442B條 介入力所致傷害與行為人之
行為所形成之危險之傷害相信
行為人之過失行為形成或增加特定傷害之
危險，且為致該傷害之重大因素，雖該傷害
係因另一力之介入而發生，除非該傷害係因
第三人之故意行為所致，且非行為人之行為
所形成之危險範圍而致之傷害，行為人不得
因而免除其應就傷害而負之責任。
§ 443. Normal Intervening Force
The intervention of a force which is a normal consequence of a
situation created by the actor's negligent conduct is not a superseding
cause of harm which such conduct has been a substantial factor in
bringing about.
第443條 正當介入力
介入力係行為人之過失行為所形成情勢之
正常結果，如行為人之過失行為已為致傷害
之重大因素者，該介入力，非替代原因。
§ 444. Acts Done Under Impulsion Of Emotional
Disturbance
An act done by another in normal response to fear or emotional
disturbance to which the actor's negligent conduct is a substantial
factor in subjecting the other is not a superseding cause of harm done
by the other's act to himself or a third person.
第444條 精神痛苦之驅使所作之作為
行為人之過失行為為致他人受驚嚇或精神
痛苦之重大因素，就該驚嚇或精神痛苦之正
常反應之行為，致該他人或第三人受傷害
者，該他人之正常反應行為，非替代原因。
§ 445. Acts Of Protection From Danger Threatened By
Actor's Negligence
If the actor's negligent conduct threatens harm to another's person,
land, or chattels, the normal efforts of the other or a third person to
avert the threatened harm are not a superseding cause of harm
resulting from such efforts.
第445條 因過失行為而致危難之保護行
為
行為人之過失行為致他人之身體、土地或動
產受傷害之威脅，該他人或第三人之通常努
力以避免該威脅之傷害者，非因該努力而致
傷害之替代原因。
§ 446. Acts Necessary To Exercise Of Privileges Tortiously
Impeded
If the actor intentionally or negligently impedes the exercise of
another's rights or privileges, the other's normal efforts to remove the
impediment or to exercise the right or privilege notwithstanding its
第446條 行使受非法阻礙之特殊權利所
必要之行為
行為人故意或過失阻礙他人之行使權利或
行使免責之特殊權利，該他人之通常努力以
驅除該障礙，或雖有障礙存在，以通常努力
existence are not a superseding cause of harm resulting from such
efforts.
行使其權利或免責特殊權利者，並非該努力
而致傷害之替代原因。
§ 447. Negligence Of Intervening Acts
The fact that an intervening act of a third person is negligent in itself
or is done in a negligent manner does not make it a superseding cause
of harm to another which the actor's negligent conduct is a substantial
factor in bringing about, if
(a) the actor at the time of his negligent conduct should have realized
that a third person might so act, or
(b) a reasonable man knowing the situation existing when the act of
the third person was done would not regard it as highly
extraordinary that the third person had so acted, or
(c) the intervening act is a normal consequence of a situation created
by the actor's conduct and the manner in which it is done is not
extraordinarily negligent.
第447條 介入行為之過失
第三人之介入行為自身為過失，或介入行為
之從事係以過失方式為之，對於行為人之過
失行為係致他人受傷害之重大因素者，於下
列規定情形之一，並非替代原因：
(a) 行為人於實行其過失行為時，應認知第
三人可能作此種行為；或
(b) 合理人於知悉第三人實行行為時之既存
情勢，不致認為該第三人之行為係超乎
尋常；或
(c) 介入行為係行為人之行為及其行為方式
所形成情勢之正常結果，而非超乎尋常
之過失行為。
§ 448. Intentionally Tortious Or Criminal Acts Done Under
Opportunity Afforded By Actor's Negligence
The act of a third person in committing an intentional tort or crime is
a superseding cause of harm to another resulting therefrom, although
the actor's negligent conduct created a situation which afforded an
opportunity to the third person to commit such a tort or crime, unless
the actor at the time of his negligent conduct realized or should have
realized the likelihood that such a situation might be created, and that
a third person might avail himself of the opportunity to commit such a
tort or crime.
第448條 因行為人之過失而提供之機會
所作之故意侵權行為或犯罪行為
第三人之實施故意侵權行為或犯罪行為，對
於因而致他人受傷害，縱然行為人之過失行
為形成之情勢提供該第三人實施該故意侵
權行為或犯罪行為之機會，應視為其替代原
因。但行為人於施行其過失行為時認知或應
認知，此種情勢可能形成而第三人可能利用
此機會實施該故意侵權行為或犯罪行為
者，不在此限。
§ 449. Tortious Or Criminal Acts The Probability Of Which
Makes Actor's Conduct Negligent
If the likelihood that a third person may act in a particular manner is
the hazard or one of the hazards which makes the actor negligent,
such an act whether innocent, negligent, intentionally tortious, or
criminal does not prevent the actor from being liable for harm caused
thereby.
第449條 可能之侵權行為或犯罪行為而
使行為人之行為有過失
第三人之可能依特別方式而行為係致行為
人之行為有過失之一(未知)危難或其中之危
難，不論該第三人之行為係無過失、有過
失、故意侵權行為或犯罪行為，並不因而使
行為人免除其應就所致傷害而負之責任。
§ 450. Harm Increased Or Accelerated By Extraordinary
Force Of Nature
The extraordinary operation of a force of nature, which merely
increases or accelerates harm to another which would otherwise have
resulted from the actor's negligent conduct, does not prevent the actor
from being liable for such harm.
第450條 傷害因超乎尋常之自然力而增
加或加速造成
自然力之超乎尋常之運作僅增加或加速致
他人受傷害，如該傷害原即因行為人之過失
行為而致者，並不因而使行為人免除其應就
傷害而負之責任。
§ 451. Extraordinary Force Of Nature Intervening To Bring 第451條 超乎尋常之自然力之介入而發
About Harm Different From That Threatened By Actor's
Negligence
An intervening operation of a force of nature without which the
other's harm would not have resulted from the actor's negligent
conduct prevents the actor from being liable for the harm, if
(a) the operation of the force of nature is extraordinary, and
(b) the harm resulting from it is of a kind different from that the
likelihood of which made the actor's conduct negligent.
生之傷害與行為人之過失而致之傷害威
脅不同
無自然力之介入運作，不致使他人因行為人
之過失行為而受傷害者，如符合下列規定，
行為人得免於就該傷害而負責：
(a) 自然力之運作係超乎尋常；並且
(b) 因自然力運作而致之傷害，與行為人有
過失之行為而可能所致之傷害，於種類
上不同。
§ 452. Third Person's Failure To Prevent Harm
(1)Except as stated in Subsection (2), the failure of a third person to
act to prevent harm to another threatened by the actor's negligent
conduct is not a superseding cause of such harm.
(2)Where, because of lapse of time or otherwise, the duty to prevent
harm to another threatened by the actor's negligent conduct is
found to have shifted from the actor to a third person, the failure of
the third person to prevent such harm is a superseding cause.
第452條 第三人之怠於避免傷害
(1)除本條第2項規定外，第三人之怠於避免
他人因行為人之過失行為所威脅之傷
害，並非致該傷害之替代原因。
(2)由於期間之經過或其他事故，因行為人
之過失行為而威脅之傷害之避免責任，
經認定(發現)為已從行為人移轉第三人
者，該第三人之怠於避免該傷害，為替
代原因。
§ 453. Function Of Court
It is the exclusive function of the court to declare the existence or
non-existence of rules which restrict the actor's responsibility short of
making him liable for harm which his negligent conduct is a
substantial factor in bringing about, and to determine the
circumstances to which such rules are applicable.
第453條 法院之功能
除就行為人之過失行為係致傷害之重大因
素而使行為人對該傷害負責任之決定外，法
院並有決定有關限制一行為人之法律規則
之存在與否，及該法律規則於何種情況得適
用之專屬功能(職權)。
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