關於愛，我是個小學生。

Topic 4. Persons Liable

Title A. Liability Resulting From Active Conduct

§ 834. Persons Carrying On An Activity

One is subject to liability for a nuisance caused by an activity, not

only when he carries on the activity but also when he participates to a

substantial extent in carrying it on.

第四節 應負責之人

第一款 積極行為而致之責任

第834條 從事活動之人

因活動致發生腦神思而應負責之人，不但只

從事該活動之人，而且指參與該活動相當程

度之人。

§ 835. Employer Of Independent Contractor

[The Section is omitted. The matter is now covered by § 427A.]

第835條 獨立契約人之僱主(僱用人)

【本條刪除，有關事項規定於第427A 條】

§ 836. Possessor Who Consents To Activities

[The Section is omitted. The matter is now covered by §§ 838 and

840A.]

第836條 同意活動之占有人

【本條刪除，有關事項規定於第838 條及第

840A 條】

§ 837. Activities After Transfer Of Land

(1) A lessor of land is subject to liability for a nuisance caused by an

第837條 土地移轉後之活動

(1) 租賃契約持續中，於租賃土地上從事之

activity carried on upon the land while the lease continues and the

lessor continues as owner, if the lessor would be liable if he had

carried on the activity himself, and

(a) at the time of the lease the lessor consents to the activity or

knows or has reason to know that it will be carried on, and

(b) he then knows or should know that it will necessarily involve

or is already causing the nuisance.

(2) A vendor of land is not liable for a nuisance caused solely by an

activity carried on upon the land after he has transferred it.

活動所致之惱神思，如出租人為該土地

之所有人而該活動由其從事，且符合下

列條件，出租人應負責：

(a) 訂定租賃契約時，出租人同意該活

動，或知悉或有理由知悉該活動將被

從事；

(b) 出租人其實知悉或應知悉該活動將

牽涉或以致惱神思。

(2) 土地出賣人將土地移轉占有後，就單純

係於該土地從事活動而致之惱神思，毋

須負責。

Title B. Liability Resulting From Failure To Act

§ 838. Possessor Who Fails To Prevent Nuisance Caused By

Activity

A possessor of land upon which a third person carries on an activity

that causes a nuisance is subject to liability for the nuisance if it is

otherwise actionable, and

(a) the possessor knows or has reason to know that the activity is

being carried on and that it is causing or will involve an

unreasonable risk of causing the nuisance, and

(b) he consents to the activity or fails to exercise reasonable care to

prevent the nuisance.

第二款 怠於作為所致之責任

第838條 怠於防止活動而致惱神思之占

有人

第三人於土地占有人所占有之土地從事活

動而致惱神思，如受害人就其所受侵犯原及

提起訴訟經濟者，於下列情況下，土地占有

人應對之負責任：

(a) 土地占有人知悉或有理由知悉該活動正

經從事，且正致惱神思或將牽涉致惱神

思之不合理危險；

(b) 土地占有人同意該活動之從事，或怠於

行使合理注意以避免惱神思。

§ 839. Possessor Who Fails To Abate Artificial Condition

A possessor of land is subject to liability for a nuisance caused while

he is in possession by an abatable artificial condition on the land, if

the nuisance is otherwise actionable, and

(a) the possessor knows or should know of the condition and the

nuisance or unreasonable risk of nuisance involved, and

(b) he knows or should know that it exists without the consent of

those affected by it, and

(c) he has failed after a reasonable opportunity to take reasonable

steps to abate the condition or to protect the affected persons

against it.

第839條 怠於消除人為情況之占有人

土地之占有人欲下列情形應負責任，惱神思

係於其占有土地時，其土地之得消除之人為

情況而致，如該惱神思原即得提起訴訟經

濟，並且

(a) 占有人知悉或應知悉該情況及惱神思，

或牽涉之惱神思之不合理危險；

(b) 占有人知悉或應知悉之存在係未經受其

影響者之同意；

(c) 占有人經合理機會而怠於採取合理步驟

以消除該情況或保護受惱神思影響之

人。

§ 840. Failure To Abate Harmful Natural Condition Of

Land

(1) Except as stated in Subsection (2), a possessor of land is not liable

to persons outside the land for a nuisance resulting solely from a

natural condition of the land.

(2) A possessor of land who knows or has reason to know that a

public nuisance caused by natural conditions exists on his land

near a public highway, is subject to liability for failure to exercise

第840條 怠於消除於土地之具有傷害性

之自然情況

(1) 除本條第1項規定外，土地占有人就純粹

因土地之自然情況而致之惱神思，對於

利於土地以外之人，毋須負責。

(2) 土地占有人知悉或有理由知悉其毗鄰公

路之土地之自然情況至公共惱神思，而

怠於行使合理注意以避免使用公路之人

reasonable care to prevent an unreasonable risk of harm to persons

using the highway.

受傷害之不合理危險者，應負責任。

§ 840A. Continuing Liability After Transfer Of Land

(1) A vendor or lessor of land upon which there is a condition

involving a nuisance for which he would be subject to liability if

he continued in possession remains subject to liability for the

continuation of the nuisance after he transfers the land.

(2) If the vendor or lessor has created the condition or has actively

concealed it from the vendee or lessee the liability stated in

Subsection (1) continues until the vendee or lessee discovers the

condition and has reasonable opportunity to abate it. Otherwise the

liability continues only until the vendee or lessee has had

reasonable opportunity to discover the condition and abate it.

第840A條 土地移轉之持續責任

(1) 土地之出賣人或出租人就其土地之情況

所牽涉之惱神思，如其繼續占有該土地

應負責者，其將土地移轉後，就惱神思

之持續，仍應負責。

(2) 如出賣人或出租人形成該情況或積極隱

匿至買受人或承租人不知悉，前項所規

定之責任持續，直至買受人或承租人發

現該情況且有合理機會消除之；於其他

之情況，出賣人或出租人之責任僅持續

至買受人或承租人有合理機會發現該情

況、消除之。

Topic 5. Defenses

§ 840B. Contributory Negligence

(1) When a nuisance results from negligent conduct of the defendant,

the contributory negligence of the plaintiff is a defense to the same

extent as in other actions founded on negligence.

(2) When the harm is intentional or the result of recklessness,

contributory negligence is not a defense.

(3) When the nuisance results from an abnormally dangerous

condition or activity, contributory negligence is a defense only if

the plaintiff has voluntarily and unreasonably subjected himself to

the risk of harm.

第五款 抗辯

第840B條 與有過失

(1) 惱神思係因被告之過失行為而致者，被

告與有過失，得做與其他依過失而提起

之訴訟，同樣程序之抗辯。

(2) 傷害係因故意或魯莽棄置不顧而致者，

被告不得以原告之與有過失作為抗辯。

(3) 惱神思係因不尋常危險之情況或活動而

致者，僅於原告自願且無正當理由而使

自己受該傷害之危險，被告方得以原告

之與有過失作為抗辯。

§ 840C. Assumption Of Risk

In an action for a nuisance the plaintiff's assumption of risk is a

defense to the same extent as in other tort actions.

第840C條 危險之承擔

與惱神思之訴訟，就原告之危險承擔，被告

得有如其他侵權行為訴訟，作相同程度之抗

辯。

§ 840D. Coming To The Nuisance

The fact that the plaintiff has acquired or improved his land after a

nuisance interfering with it has come into existence is not in itself

sufficient to bar his action, but it is a factor to be considered in

determining whether the nuisance is actionable.

第840D條 惱神思存在後之取得或改良

土地

干擾其土地之使用、享受之惱神思，係於原

告取得或改進該土地之前已存在者，並非足

以阻礙原告提起惱神思之訴訟；但為決定該

惱神思是否得提起訴訟之考慮原因。

§ 840E. Others Contributing To The Nuisance

Except as it may affect the character of the locality, the fact that other

第840E條 參與致惱神思之其他人

除可能影響土地之區域特性外，他人之參與

persons contribute to a nuisance is not a bar to the defendant's liability

for his own contribution.

而致惱神思者，並不因而阻礙被告就其自身

所致惱神思之責任。

Chapter 41. Interference With The Use Of Water

("Riparian Rights")

Topic 1. Definitions

§ 841. Watercourse Defined

(1) The term “watercourse,” as used in this Chapter, means a stream

of water of natural origin, flowing constantly or recurrently on the

surface of the earth in a reasonably definite natural channel.

(2) The term “watercourse” also includes springs, lakes or marshes in

which a stream originates or through which it flows.

第四十一章 使用水(水權)之干擾(水濱

權)

第一節 定義

第841條 水道之定義

(1) 「水道」於本章係指，一自然起源之水

流，繼續地且重複地，於地面之合理確

定之自然河床而流動。

(2) 「水道」並包括水流起源之噴泉、湖泊、

沼澤或水源經過之噴泉、湖泊或沼澤。

§ 842. Lake Defined

A “lake,” as used in this Chapter, is a reasonably permanent body of

water substantially at rest in a depression in the surface of the earth, if

both depression and body of water are of natural origin or a part of a

watercourse.

第842條 湖泊之定義

「湖泊」於本章係指，在地球表面之窪穴之

實質上寧靜之合理長久存在之水溶積體；而

該窪穴及水溶積體為水之自然水源或水道

之一部分。

§ 843. Riparian Land Defined

The term “riparian land,” as used in this Chapter, means a tract of land

that borders on a watercourse or lake, whether or not it includes a part

of the bed of the watercourse or lake.

第843條 水濱土地之定義

「水濱土地」於本章係指，在水道或湖泊兩

岸之土地；惟是否為水道或湖泊之水床或河

床，則非所問。

§ 844. Riparian Proprietor Defined

The term “riparian proprietor,” as used in this Chapter, means a

person who is in possession of riparian land or who owns an estate in

it.

第844條 水濱(土地)所有人之定義

「水濱所有人」於本章係指，水濱土地之占

有人或擁有於水濱土地之財產權之人。

§ 845. Ground Water Defined

The term “ground water,” as used in this Chapter, means water that

naturally lies or flows under the surface of the earth.

第845條 地下水之定義

「地下水」於本章係指，於地球之表層之下

存在或流動之水。

§ 846. Surface Water Defined

The term “surface water,” as used in this Chapter, means water from

rain, melting snow, springs or seepage, or detached from subsiding

floods, that lies or flows on the surface of the earth but does not form

a part of a watercourse or lake.

第846條 表面水之定義

「表面水」於本章係指，雨、溶冰噴泉或滲

出物、下陷水流之噴出物，於地球之表面存

在或流動，但未形成水道或湖泊之一部分。

§ 847. Use Of Water Defined

The term “use of water,” as used in this Chapter, includes both a

direct utilization of the water itself by withdrawal or impoundment

and the use and enjoyment of the water in place. It does not include

the pollution of water or the utilization of a watercourse or lake to

transport or dilute wastes.

第847條 水之使用之定義

「水之使用」於本章係指，水之提取、聚積

之直接運用及水於原處所之使用與享受。但

「水之使用」不包括水污染或運用水道或湖

泊以運送或沖淡排泄物。

§ 847A. Public And Private Waters Defined

(1) “Public waters,” as used in this Chapter, are navigable waters of

the United States, watercourses and lakes navigable under the law

of the state in which they are located, and watercourses and lakes

that are open to public use or subject to public protection and

control by virtue of state law.

(2) “Private waters,” as used in this Chapter, are watercourses or

lakes whose channels or beds are privately owned and that do not

come within the definition of public waters.

第847A條 公用水與私有水之定義

(1) 「公用水」於本章係指，美國之得航行

之水、依其所在地之州之法律，得航行

之水道及湖泊、及依州法，一般大眾得

使用且受公共保護及公共監督之水。

(2) 「私有水」於本章係指，水道或湖泊之

河床或湖床為私有所有，且非合於公用

水之定義者。

§ 848. Harm Defined

[The Section is omitted. The matter is now covered by § 7.]

第848條 傷害之定義

【本條刪除；有關事項規定於第七條】

Topic 2. Interference By Means Other Than Use Of Water

§ 849. In General—Pollution

(1) An interference with the use of water caused by an act or conduct

that is not itself a use of water but that affects the quality or

quantity of the water may subject the actor to liability if the act or

conduct

(a) constitutes a nuisance,

(b) constitutes a trespass, or

(c) is negligent, reckless or abnormally dangerous with respect to

the use.

(2) The pollution of water by a riparian proprietor that creates a

nuisance by causing harm to another person's interest in land or

water is not the exercise of a riparian right.

第二節 使用水以外之其它方式之干擾

第849條 一般原則──污染

(1) 一作為或行為之非水之使用，但影響水

之品質或數量，如符合下列規定之情形

之ㄧ，為使用水之干擾，行為人應負責：

(a) 行為或行為構成「惱神思」；(或)

(b) 作為或行為構成不法侵入；或

(c) 作為或行為就水之使用有過失、魯莽

棄置不顧、或不尋常之危險。

(2) 水濱所有人之污染而致他人於土地或水

之利益受傷害而構成「惱神思」者，其

行為非水濱權之行使。

Topic 3. Interference With The Use Of Watercourses And

Lakes By Use Of The Water

§ 850. Harm By One Riparian Proprietor To Another

A riparian proprietor is subject to liability for making an unreasonable

use of the water of a watercourse or lake that causes harm to another

riparian proprietor's reasonable use of water or his land.

第三節 以使用水方式干擾水道、湖泊

第850條 水濱所有人對另外之水濱所有

人之傷害

水濱所有人就水道或湖泊之水之不合理使

用，至另一水濱所有人之合理使用水或其土

地受傷害者，應負責任。

§ 850A. Reasonableness Of The Use Of Water

The determination of the reasonableness of a use of water depends

upon a consideration of the interests of the riparian proprietor making

the use, of any riparian proprietor harmed by it and of society as a

whole. Factors that affect the determination include the following:

(a) The purpose of the use,

(b) the suitability of the use to the watercourse or lake,

(c) the economic value of the use,

(d) the social value of the use,

(e) the extent and amount of the harm it causes,

(f) the practicality of avoiding the harm by adjusting the use or

method of use of one proprietor or the other,

(g) the practicality of adjusting the quantity of water used by each

proprietor,

(h) the protection of existing values of water uses, land, investments

and enterprises and

(i) the justice of requiring the user causing harm to bear the loss.

第850A條 使用水之合理性

水之使用之合理與否之決定，須就使用水之

水濱所有人之利益，因其使用而致任何其他

水濱所有人之傷害及社會整體之利益，而考

慮。影響決定水之使用合理與否之因素，包

括下列各項：

(a) 使用之目的；

(b) 該水之使用對於水道或湖泊之適當性；

(c) 使用之經濟價值；

(d) 使用之社會價值；

(e) 使用而致之傷害之程序及數額；

(f) 避免傷害而由水濱所有人相互間之調整

其使用或調整期使用水之方式之實際可

行性；

(g) 水濱所有人相互間調整水使用數量之實

際可行性；

(h) 水使用、土地、投資及企業之即存價值

之保護；

(i) 要求使用水而致傷害之人負擔危險之公

平性。

§ 851. Intentional Harm By One Riparian Proprietor To

Another

[This Section is omitted. The matter is now covered by §§ 850 and

850A. See also §§ 826-831.]

第851條 水濱所有人故意對另外之水濱

所有人之傷害

【本條刪除；有關事項規定於第850 條及第

850A 條並請參閱第826 條至第831 條】

§ 852. Unreasonableness; Gravity Of Harm And Utility Of

Use

[This Section is omitted. The matter is now covered by §§ 850 and

850A. See also §§ 826-831.]

第852條 不合理性；傷害之嚴重性與使

用之效益

【本條刪除；有關事項規定於第850 條及第

850A 條並請參閱第826 條至第831 條】

§ 853. Utility Of Use—Factors Considered

[This Section is omitted. The matter is now covered by §§ 850 and

850A. See also §§ 826-831.]

第853條 使用之效益──考慮之因素

【本條刪除；有關事項規定於第850 條及第

850A 條並請參閱第826 條至第831 條】

§ 854. Gravity Of Harm—Factors Considered

[This Section is omitted. The matter is now covered by §§ 850 and

850A. See also §§ 826-831.]

第854條 傷害之嚴重性──考慮之因素

【本條刪除；有關事項規定於第850 條及第

850A 條並請參閱第826 條至第831 條】

§ 855. Nonriparian Uses By Riparian Proprietors

The reasonableness of a use of water by a riparian proprietor is not

第855條 水濱所有人之非水濱之使用

水濱所有人之使用水之合理與否，不因水之

controlled by the classification of the use as riparian or nonriparian. 使用區分為水濱使用與非水濱使用，而受影

響。

§ 856. Harm By Riparian Proprietor To

Nonriparian—Effect Of Grants, Permits And Public Rights

(1) Except as stated in Subsections (2), (3) and (4), a riparian

proprietor is not subject to liability for making a use of the water

of a watercourse or lake that causes harm to a use of water by a

nonriparian.

(2) A riparian proprietor is subject to liability for making an

unreasonable use of the water of a watercourse or a lake that

causes harm to a reasonable use of water by a nonriparian who

holds a grant from another riparian proprietor of the grantor's right

to use the water.

(3) A riparian proprietor is subject to liability for making a use of the

water of a watercourse or lake that causes harm to a nonriparian

exercising a right created by governmental authority, permit or

license to use public or private water.

(4) A riparian proprietor is subject to liability for making a use of

public waters that interferes with the exercise of a public right to

use the waters.

第856條 水濱所有人對非水濱所有人所

致之傷害──授權、准許與公共權利之效

力

(1) 除本條第2項、第3項及第4項規定外，水

濱所有人之使用水道或湖泊之水而致非

水濱所有人之使用水，受傷害者，毋須

負責任。

(2) 水濱所有人就水道或湖泊之水做不合理

使用，而致非水濱所有人之因另一水濱

所有人之授與水使用權而持有之使用權

之合理使用受傷害者，應負責任。

(3) 水濱所有人就水道或湖泊之水做不合理

使用，而致非水濱所有人之因政府授

權、許可或特許使用公用或私有水之合

理使用受傷害者，應負責任。

(4) 水濱所有人就其使用公用水而干擾公共

權利之使用水者，應負責任。

§ 857. Harm By Nonriparian To Riparian Proprietor

(1) Except as stated in Subsections (2), (3), and (4), a nonriparian is

subject to liability for a use of the water of a watercourse or lake

that interferes with the right of a riparian proprietor to use the

water.

(2) A nonriparian who holds a grant from one riparian proprietor of

the grantor's right to the water of a watercourse or lake is subject

to liability to another riparian proprietor for making an

unreasonable use of the water that causes harm to the other

riparian proprietor's reasonable use of water or to his land.

(3) A nonriparian who is exauthority, permit or license to use public

or private water is not subject to liability for making a use of a

watercourse or lake that will interfere with or prevent the initiation

of a subsequent use of water by a riparian proprietor.

(4) (4) A nonriparian who is exercising a public right is not subject to

liability for making a use of public waters that causes harm by

interfering with the use of the water by a riparian proprietor.

第857條 非水濱所有人對水濱所有人所

致之傷害

(1) 除本條第2項、第3項及第4項規定外，非

水濱所有人之使用水道或湖泊之水而干

擾水濱所有人之使用水之權力者，應負

責任。

(2) 非水濱所有人因一水濱所有人之授權而

持有該授權人之使用水道或湖泊之水之

權利，如其不合理使用至其他水濱所有

人之合理使用水或土地受傷害者，該非

水濱所有人應對其他水濱所有人負責

任。

(3) 非水濱所有人因政府授權、許可或特許

使用公用或私有水，如其使用水道或湖

泊之水將干擾或阻礙水濱所有人之其後

使用水者，毋須負責。

(4) 非水濱所有人之行使公共全力以使用公

有水，因干擾水濱所有人之使用水而致

傷害者，毋須負責任。

Topic 4. Interference With The Use Of Ground Water

§ 858. Liability For Use Of Ground Water

(1) A proprietor of land or his grantee who withdraws ground water

第四節 地下水之使用之干擾

第858條 使用地下水之責任

(1) 土地所有人或經期授權之人，為有益之

from the land and uses it for a beneficial purpose is not subject to

liability for interference with the use of water by another, unless

(a) the withdrawal of ground water unreasonably causes harm to a

proprietor of neighboring land through lowering the water

table or reducing artesian pressure,

(b) the withdrawal of ground water exceeds the proprietor's

reasonable share of the annual supply or total store of ground

water, or

(c) the withdrawal of the ground water has a direct and substantial

effect upon a watercourse or lake and unreasonably causes

harm to a person entitled to the use of its water.

(2) The determination of liability under clauses (a), (b) and (c) of

Subsection (1) is governed by the principles stated in §§ 850 to

857.

目的而自其土地抽取地下水及使用地下

水，毋須就干擾他人之使用水而負責

任。但有下列情形者，不在此限：

(a) 因抽取地下水之降低水位或降低岩

石壓力，致無正當理由而使鄰近土地

所有人受傷害；

(b) 因抽取地下水而逾越該土地所有人

每年供給量之合理部分或逾越該土

地所有人之地下水之全部屯積量之

合理部分；

(c) 因抽取地下水而直接、重大影響水道

或湖泊，且無正當理由而致有使用該

水之人受傷害。

(2) 前項(a)、(b)及(c)款責任之決定，依第850

條至第857條所規定之原則。

§ 859. Unintentional Harm

[This Section is omitted. The matter is now covered in § 858. See also

§§ 824-831.]

第859條 條所規定之原則

【本條刪除；有關事項規定於第858 條。並

請參閱第824 條至第831 條】

§ 860. Intentional Harm

[This Section is omitted. The matter is now covered in § 858. See also

§§ 824-831.]

第860條 故意之傷害

【本條刪除；有關事項規定於第858 條。並

請參閱第824 條至第831 條】

§ 861. Unreasonableness—Utility Of Use vs. Gravity Of

Harm

[This Section is omitted. The matter is now covered in § 858. See also

§§ 824-831.]

第861條 不合理性－使用之效益與傷害

之嚴重性

【本條刪除；有關事項規定於第858 條。並

請參閱第824 條至第831 條】

§ 862. Utility Of Use—Factors Considered

[This Section is omitted. The matter is now covered in § 858. See also

§§ 824-831.]

第862條 使用之效益－考慮之因素

【本條刪除；有關事項規定於第858 條。並

請參閱第824 條至第831 條】

§ 863. Gravity Of Harm—Factors Considered

[This Section is omitted. The matter is now covered in § 858. See also

§§ 824-831.]

第863條 傷害之嚴重性－考慮之因素

【本條刪除；有關事項規定於第858 條。並

請參閱第824 條至第831 條】

Topic 5. Interference With The Use Of Surface Water

§ 864. Nonliability For Use Of Surface Water

第五節 地面水使用之干擾

第864條 地面水使用之毋須負責任

The possessor of land is not subject to liability for a use of surface

water on his land that interferes with another person's use of the water,

unless the use is made for the primary purpose of causing the harm.

土地占有人知就其土地之表面水之使用，而

干擾他人之使用該地面水者，毋須負責任。

但其使用地面水之主要目的係為使他人受

傷害者，不在此限。

Division 11. Miscellaneous Rules

Chapter 42. Interference With Various Protected Interests

§ 865. Interference With A Right To Vote Or Hold Office

One who by a consciously wrongful act intentionally deprives another

of a right to vote in a public election or to hold public office or

seriously interferes with either of these rights is subject to liability to

the other.

第十一編 其他之法律規則

第四十二章 就各種不同受保護利益之

干擾

第865條 選舉權與服公職權之干擾

行為人以有意識之不法行為故意剝奪他人

之於一般大眾選舉之選舉權或剝奪他人服

公職之權或嚴重干擾上述兩種權力之ㄧ

者，應對該他人負責任。

§ 866. Failure To Furnish Facilities To A Member Of The

Public

One who is under a noncontractual duty to furnish facilities to the

public without discrimination is subject to liability to a person entitled

to the facilities for violation of the duty.

第866條 怠於向一般大眾之組成分子提

供設備

非因契約關係而有向一般大眾無歧視的提

供設備之責任之人，如違反該責任時，(行

為人)應對於就該設備有使用權之人負責

任。

§ 867. Interference With Privacy

[The Section is omitted. The subject is now treated in Chapter 28A,

Sections 652A to 652I.]

第867條 隱私權之干擾

【本條刪除；有關事項規定於第二十八章，

第652A條至第652I條】

§ 868. Interference With Dead Bodies

One who intentionally, recklessly or negligently removes, withholds,

mutilates or operates upon the body of a dead person or prevents its

proper interment or cremation is subject to liability to a member of the

family of the deceased who is entitled to the disposition of the body.

第868條 屍體之干擾

以故意、魯莽棄置不顧或過失移離、拒絕交

付屍體、殘害屍體、或就屍體施手術，或阻

礙屍體之埋葬(土葬)或火葬，行為人對於就

該屍體有安置權利之死者之家屬分子，應負

責任。

§ 869. Harm To Unborn Child

(1) One who tortiously causes harm to an unborn child is subject to

liability to the child for the harm if the child is born alive.

(2) If the child is not born alive, there is no liability unless the

applicable wrongful death statute so provides.

第869條 胎兒之傷害

(1) 以侵權行為致胎兒受傷害者，如胎兒出

生(而仍生存)，行為人應對該胎兒負責

任。

(2) 如胎兒為死產，行為人毋需負責。但如

得適用之「不法行為致死亡法規」規定

行為人應負責者，不在此限。

Chapter 43. Rules Applicable To Certain Types Of Conduct

§ 870. Liability For Intended Consequences—General

Principle

One who intentionally causes injury to another is subject to liability to

the other for that injury, if his conduct is generally culpable and not

justifiable under the circumstances. This liability may be imposed

although the actor's conduct does not come within a traditional

category of tort liability.

第四十三章 就若干態樣之行為得適用

之法律規則

第870條 就其意圖之結果應付之責任─

一般原則

故意致他人受侵害，如其行為通常認為違

法，且於該情況無得合理化之原因者，行為

人應對該他人就其所受侵害負責任。縱然行

為人之行為不屬於傳統之侵權行為責任之

範疇，仍得對行為人處以此種責任。

§ 871. Intentional Harm To A Property Interest

One who intentionally deprives another of his legally protected

property interest or causes injury to the interest is subject to liability

to the other if his conduct is generally culpable and not justifiable

under the circumstances.

第871條 就財產利益之故意傷害

故意致他人受法律保護之財產利益受剝奪

或致他人受法律保護之財產利益受侵害，如

其行為通常認為違法，且於該情況無得合理

化之原因者，行為人應對他人負責任。

§ 871A. Intentionally Causing Liability

One who intentionally creates civil or criminal liability against

another is subject to liability to the other if his conduct is generally

culpable and not justifiable under the circumstances.

第871A條 故意致(他人)負責任

故意致他人發生民事或刑事責任，如其行為

通常認為違法，且於該情況無得合理化之原

因者，行為人應對他人負責任。

§ 872. Tort Liability Based On Estoppel

If one person makes to another person a definite misrepresentation of

fact concerning the ownership of property or its disposition, knowing

that the other intends to act in reliance on it, and subsequently does an

act or makes a refusal that would be tortious if the statement were

true, the first person is subject to liability to the other as if the

statement were true, provided that the other in reasonable reliance

upon the statement has so changed his position that it would be

inequitable to deny an action for the act or refusal.

第872條 基於禁反言之侵權行為責任

行為人向他人就有關財產之所有權或財產

之處分，作特定不實說明，而明知該他人意

圖仰賴該(不實)說明，並且明知其後該他人

之作為或拒絕作為如該說明為真實時，該作

為或拒絕作為係侵權行為者，如該他人合理

仰賴其說明而改變其原來所持立場，以致如

否認該他人就其作為或拒絕作為提起訴訟

經濟，將顯失衡平時，行為人應如其說明為

真實而負責任。

§ 873. Causing Harm By Intentionally False Statement

[The Section is omitted. The matter is now covered by § 623A.]

第873條 故意不實說明而致傷害

【本條刪除；有關事項規定於第623A 條】

§ 874. Violation Of Fiduciary Duty

One standing in a fiduciary relation with another is subject to liability

to the other for harm resulting from a breach of duty imposed by the

relation.

第874條 信賴責任之違反

與他人處於信賴關係，因違反該信賴關係所

生責任而致他人受傷害者，應對該他人負責

任。

§ 874A. Tort Liability For Violation Of Legislative

Provision

When a legislative provision protects a class of persons by proscribing

or requiring certain conduct but does not provide a civil remedy for

the violation, the court may, if it determines that the remedy is

appropriate in furtherance of the purpose of the legislation and needed

to assure the effectiveness of the provision, accord to an injured

member of the class a right of action, using a suitable existing tort

action or a new cause of action analogous to an existing tort action.

第874A條 成文法規定違反之侵權行為

責任

成文法之規定係為保護一類級人而禁止特

定行為或要求特定行為，但其違反並無提供

私法救濟者，法院如認為私法救濟於促進立

法之目的為適當，且於確保該成文規定之有

效性有其必要，得准許該受保護類級人之受

侵害者，以合適之既存侵權行為訴訟或類似

於既存侵權行為訴訟之新訴訟原因之侵權

行為訴訟，而提起訴訟經濟。

Chapter 44. Contributing Tortfeasors

§ 875. Contributing Tortfeasors—General Rule

Each of two or more persons whose tortious conduct is a legal cause

of a single and indivisible harm to the injured party is subject to

liability to the injured party for the entire harm.

第四十四章 共同侵權行為人

第875條 共同侵權行為人-一般原則

兩人或多人之每一人之侵權行為係受侵害

人之單一且不可分之傷害之法律原因者，每

一人均須對受害人就全部傷害負責任。

§ 876. Persons Acting In Concert

For harm resulting to a third person from the tortious conduct of

another, one is subject to liability if he

(a) does a tortious act in concert with the other or pursuant to a

common design with him, or

(b) knows that the other's conduct constitutes a breach of duty and

gives substantial assistance or encouragement to the other so to

conduct himself, or

(c) gives substantial assistance to the other in accomplishing a tortious

result and his own conduct, separately considered, constitutes a

breach of duty to the third person.

第876條 共同行為人

就他人之侵權行為致第三人受傷害，如符合

下列規定情形之ㄧ者，行為人亦應負責任：

(a) 行為人與該他人共同為侵權行為或與該

他人為達成共同計劃而作侵權行為；或

(b) 行為人知悉該他人之侵權行為構成責任

之違反，而給予重大之協助或鼓勵該他

人之作如此行為；或

(c) 行為人於該他人達成侵權行為之結果，

給予重大協助，且行為人之行為單獨考

慮時，構成對第三人責任之違反。

§ 877. Directing Or Permitting Conduct Of Another

For harm resulting to a third person from the tortious conduct of

another, one is subject to liability if he

(a) orders or induces the conduct, if he knows or should know of

circumstances that would make the conduct tortious if it were his

own, or

(b) conducts an activity with the aid of the other and is negligent in

employing him, or

(c) permits the other to act upon his premises or with his

instrumentalities, knowing or having reason to know that the other

is acting or will act tortiously, or

(d) controls, or has a duty to use care to control, the conduct of the

other, who is likely to do harm if not controlled, and fails to

exercise care in the control, or

(e) has a duty to provide protection for, or to have care used for the

protection of, third persons or their property and confides the

第877條 指示或准許他人之行為

就他人侵權行為致第三人受傷害，如符合下

列規定之ㄧ者，行為人亦應負責任：

(a) 行為人知悉或應知悉其情況將使該行為

如由行為人自行為之係侵權行為，而命

令或誘使(他人)作該行為；

(b) 行為人從事一活動而由第三人之協助，

且行為人於僱用該第三人有過失；

(c) 行為人知悉或有理由知悉他人作侵權行

為或將作侵權行為而准許該他人於其土

地或以其工具作行為；

(d) 行為人雖就如未監督可能致傷害之他人

加以監督，或有行使注意以監督他人之

責任，而怠於行使注意以監督該他人；

(e) 行為人就第三人之人身或其財產有提供

保護責任或行使注意以保護第三人之人

performance of the duty to the other, who causes or fails to avert

the harm by failing to perform the duty.

身或其財產之責任，而將其責任之履行

委託他人；因該他人之怠於履行責任而

致傷害，或怠於避免傷害。

§ 878. Persons Subject To A Common Duty

If two or more persons are under a common duty and failure to

perform it amounts to tortious conduct, each is subject to liability for

the entire harm resulting from failure to perform the duty.

第878條 數人有共同責任

如二人或多人有共同責任，而怠於履行該責

任，且構成侵權行為者，就因帶於履行責任

而致之全部傷害，每一人均須負責。

§ 879. Concurring Or Consecutive Independent Acts

If the tortious conduct of each of two or more persons is a legal cause

of harm that cannot be apportioned, each is subject to liability for the

entire harm, irrespective of whether their conduct is concurring or

consecutive.

第879條 同時發生或連續之獨立行為

二人或多人之每一人之侵權行為均為不可

分之傷害之法律原因者，不論該二人或多人

之行為係同時發生或連續發生，每一人均須

就全部傷害負責任。

§ 880. One Of Two Tortfeasors Has An Immunity

If two persons would otherwise be liable for a harm, one of them is

not relieved from liability by the fact that the other has an absolute

privilege to act or an immunity from liability to the person harmed.

第880條 兩位侵權行為人中之ㄧ人有免

責權

如兩人原須就一傷害負責任，其中之一人就

受傷害者之傷害，有絕對免責之特殊權利或

豁免權者，另一人之責任不因此免除。

§ 881. Distinct Or Divisible Harms

If two or more persons, acting independently, tortiously cause distinct

harms or a single harm for which there is a reasonable basis for

division according to the contribution of each, each is subject to

liability only for the portion of the total harm that he has himself

caused.

第881條 可分或不可分之傷害

如二人或多人之獨立之侵權行為而致可分

之傷害，或置單一之傷害，但得依各個人之

侵權行為而有合理基礎區分者，每一人僅就

其所致之傷害之部分負責。

§ 882. Joinder Of Parties

If each of two or more persons is subject to liability for the full

amount of damages allowed for a single harm resulting from their

tortious conduct, the injured person can properly maintain a single

action against one, some or all of them.

第882條 當事人之連帶責任

如二人或多人之每一人就其侵權行為而致

之單一傷害應負全部責任者，受害人得以一

訴訟向一人、數人或所有人請求賠償。

§ 883. Judgment For One And Against Another Tortfeasor

In An Action Against Both

If two defendants are joined in an action for the same harm, judgment

can properly be entered against one and in favor of the other, except

when the judgment is entered after trial on the merits and the liability

of one cannot exist without the liability of the other.

第883條 兩位侵權行為被告而判決有利

於其中一被告，布利於另一被告

如就同一傷害而以二人為共同被告提起訴

訟，判決得不利於一位而有利於另一位，但

如於案件之實質問題調查訊問後而做成判

決，且被告之一之責任，且被告之一之責任

如無另一被告之責任無法存在者，不在此限。

§ 884. Prior Judgment For Or Against One Of Several

Tortfeasors

The effect of a judgment for or against one of several tortfeasors upon

claims against others who were or may have been liable for the same

harm or with reference to the same subject matter is determined by the

principles of res judicata.

第884條 先前判決之有利或不利於數位

侵權行為被告中一位

判決之有利或不利於數位侵權行為被告中

一位，對於向其他侵權行為被告知應就同一

傷害負責任或可能應就同一傷害負責任而

請求賠償，有何種效力，獲該判決對於同樣

之事項之訴訟有何種之效力，應依一事不再

理之原則而決定。

§ 885. Effect Of Release Of Or Payment By Or On Behalf

Of One Of Several Tortfeasors

(1) A valid release of one tortfeasor from liability for a harm, given by

the injured person, does not discharge others liable for the same

harm, unless it is agreed that it will discharge them.

(2) A covenant not to sue one tortfeasor or not to proceed further

against him does not discharge any other tortfeasor liable for the

same harm.

(3) A payment by any person made in compensation of a claim for a

harm for which others are liable as tortfeasors diminishes the

claim against the tortfeasors, at least to the extent of the payment

made, whether or not the person making the payment is liable to

the injured person and whether or not it is so agreed at the time of

payment or the payment is made before or after judgment.

第885條 數位侵權行為被告中之ㄧ未知

經免除責任、一位之支付金額、或代表

其中一未之支付金額之效力

(1) 受害人就傷害應負責任之多人中，對其

中之一位侵權行為人作有效之免除其責

任者，除非其免除係經同意為免除所有

侵權人之責任，否則並不因而免除其他

侵權行為人就同一傷害之責任。

(2) 以書面約定，不對一侵權行為人提起訴

訟，或不再對一侵權行為人繼續其訴訟

程序者，並不因而免除其他侵權行為人

就同一傷害之責任。

(3) 任何人就其他人之為侵權行為人而受賠

償請求者，不論支付金額是否應對受害

人負責，不論其支付金額是否經受害人

之同意減免賠償金額，亦不論其支付金

額係於判決之前或判決之後，減免受害

人對侵權行為人之賠償金額；至少減少

與其支付金額相同之賠償金額。

§ 886. Satisfaction Of A Judgment Against One Of Several

Tortfeasors

The discharge of a judgment against one of several tortfeasors each of

whom is liable for a single harm is treated like a release or covenant

not to sue given to one of several tortfeasors for a claim not reduced

to judgment.

第886條 就數位侵權行為人中之一位侵

權行為人所作判決之滿足

每一未侵權行為人就單一傷害均須負責之

數侵權行為人為被告之案件，如就其中一位

侵權行為人之判決，給於免除者，應將之事

為有如就數位侵權行為人請求賠償之訴訟

而未做成判決前之就其中一位侵權行為人

之免除其責任或以書面約定不對之起訴。

§ 886A. Contribution Among Tortfeasors

(1) Except as stated in Subsections (2), (3) and (4), when two or more

persons become liable in tort to the same person for the same

harm, there is a right of contribution among them, even though

judgment has not been recovered against all or any of them.

第866A條 數位侵權行為人之分攤

(1) 除本條第2項、第3項及第4項規定外，二

人或多人就同一傷害對同一人負侵權行

為責任者，縱然判決尚未就所有或任何

其中一位執行得到滿足，侵權行為人有

(2) The right of contribution exists only in favor of a tortfeasor who

has discharged the entire claim for the harm by paying more than

his equitable share of the common liability, and is limited to the

amount paid by him in excess of his share. No tortfeasor can be

required to make contribution beyond his own equitable share of

the liability.

(3) There is no right of contribution in favor of any tortfeasor who has

intentionally caused the harm.

(4) When one tortfeasor has a right of indemnity against another,

neither of them has a right of contribution against the other.

(請求)分攤賠償金額之權利。

(2) 主張分攤賠償金額之侵權行為人，僅限

於支付較其衡平應支付之金額為多之金

額而使就該傷害之全部賠償請求因而消

滅之人，且其請求分攤賠償金額之部分

僅限於逾越其應支付金額以外之其他金

額負分攤之責任。

(3) 故意致傷害之侵權行為人無請求分攤賠

償金額之權利。

(4) 一侵權行為人對另一侵權行為人就其支

付之賠償金額，有求償權者，該二侵權

行為人相互間無請求分攤賠償金額之權

利。

§ 886B. Indemnity Between Tortfeasors

(1) If two persons are liable in tort to a third person for the same harm

and one of them discharges the liability of both, he is entitled to

indemnity from the other if the other would be unjustly enriched at

his expense by the discharge of the liability.

(2) Instances in which indemnity is granted under this principle

include the following:

(a) The indemnitee was liable only vicariously for the conduct of

the indemnitor;

(b) The indemnitee acted pursuant to directions of the indemnitor

and reasonably believed the directions to be lawful;

(c) The indemnitee was induced to act by a misrepresentation on

the part of the indemnitor, upon which he justifiably relied;

(d) The indemnitor supplied a defective chattel or performed

defective work upon land or buildings as a result of which

both were liable to the third person, and the indemnitee

innocently or negligently failed to discover the defect;

(e) The indemnitor created a dangerous condition of land or

chattels as a result of which both were liable to the third

person, and the indemnitee innocently or negligently failed to

discover the defect;

(f) The indemnitor was under a duty to the indemnitee to protect

him against the liability to the third person.

第866B條 侵權行為人間之償還

(1) 如二人就同一傷害，對第三人負侵權行

為責任，而其中之一人致二人之責任消

滅者，如其致二人之責任消滅係使其受

損失而致另一人不當得利，有向該另一

人請求償還之權。

(2) 依前項支援則應准予償還之情形，包括

下列規定：

(a) 求償人之須負責，僅係因代位償還

人而負責任。

(b) 求償人係依償還人之指示而行為，

且合理地相信該指示合法；

(c) 求償人因償還人之不實說明而行

為，且求償人有正當理由仰賴該不

實說明。

(d) 償還人提供有瑕疵之動產或於土地

或建築物實行有瑕疵之工作，至償

還人及求償人均須對第三人負責

任，而求償人無過失或有過失怠於

發現該瑕疵；

(e) 償還人於土地或動產形成危險情況

而致償還人及求償人須對第三人負

責任，而求償人無過失或有過失怠

於發現該瑕疵。

(f) 償還人對求償人負有保護免對第三

人負責任之責任。