Division 4. Misrepresentation
Chapter 22. Misrepresentation And Nondisclosure Causing
Pecuniary Loss
Topic 1. Fraudulent Misrepresentation (Deceit)
§ 525. Liability For Fraudulent Misrepresentation
One who fraudulently makes a misrepresentation of fact, opinion,
intention or law for the purpose of inducing another to act or to refrain
from action in reliance upon it, is subject to liability to the other in
deceit for pecuniary loss caused to him by his justifiable reliance upon
the misrepresentation.
第肆編 不實說明
第二十二章 不實說明與未揭露致生金
錢損失
第一節 詐欺性不實說明
第525條 詐欺性不實說明之責任
為誘使他人信賴其說明以作為或不作為，而
就事實、意見、意願或法律做不是說明者，
對於該他人之合理信賴該不實說明而受金
錢損失，應依「詐騙」之訴而負責。
Title A. Fraudulent Character Of Misrepresentation
§ 526. Conditions Under Which Misrepresentation Is
Fraudulent (Scienter)
A misrepresentation is fraudulent if the maker
(a) knows or believes that the matter is not as he represents it to be,
(b) does not have the confidence in the accuracy of his representation
that he states or implies, or
(c) knows that he does not have the basis for his representation that he
第一款 不實說明之詐欺性質
第526條 不實說明為詐欺之條件
行為人之不實說明符合下列規定時，具有詐
欺性：
(a) 行為人知悉或相信事項並非如其所說
明，
(b) 行為人就其所作之說明或其所作之陳述
所隱含之說明正確性無信心，
(c) 行為人就其所作之說明或其所作之陳述
states or implies. 所隱含之說明，知悉其說明並無依據。
§ 527. Ambiguous Representation
A representation that the maker knows to be capable of two
interpretations, one of which he knows to be false and the other true is
fraudulent if it is made:
(a) with the intention that it be understood in the sense in which it is
false, or
(b) without any belief or expectation as to how it will be understood,
or
(c) with reckless indifference as to how it will be understood.
第527條 含糊之說明
行為人知悉其所作之說明得作兩種解釋，其
中之一種為真；另一種為假，如符合下列規
定一，即為詐欺性說明：
(a) 行為人意圖使他人就其說明為假而瞭
解，或
(b) 行為人就其說明將受如何解釋，無任何
信心或期望，或
(c) 行為人就其說明將受如何解釋，無任何
關心。
§ 528. Representation Erroneously Expressed
A representation that is believed to state the truth but which because
of negligent expression states what is false is a negligent but not a
fraudulent misrepresentation.
第528條 說明之錯誤表達
確信其陳述為真實，但因過失致其陳述為不
實者，其說明有過失，但並非詐欺性說明。
§ 529. Representation Misleading Because Incomplete
A representation stating the truth so far as it goes but which the maker
knows or believes to be materially misleading because of his failure to
state additional or qualifying matter is a fraudulent misrepresentation.
第529條 說明之不完整所致之誤解
說明之就其陳述部分雖係真實，行為人知悉
或相信因其怠於作增加或有限制之陳述，致
(他人受)重大誤解者，為詐欺性之不實說明。
§ 530. Misrepresentation Of Intention
(1)A representation of the maker's own intention to do or not to do a
particular thing is fraudulent if he does not have that intention.
(2)A representation of the intention of a third person is fraudulent
under the conditions stated in § 526.
第530條 意願之不實說明
(1)行為人表示就特定事項作為或不作為之
意願之說明，但卻無該意願時，為詐欺
性之不實說明。
(2)行為人表示第三人之意願之說明，而符
合第526條規定之條件者，為詐欺性之不
實說明。
Title B. Expectation Of Influencing Conduct
§ 531. General Rule
One who makes a fraudulent misrepresentation is subject to liability
to the persons or class of persons whom he intends or has reason to
expect to act or to refrain from action in reliance upon the
misrepresentation, for pecuniary loss suffered by them through their
justifiable reliance in the type of transaction in which he intends or
has reason to expect their conduct to be influenced.
第二款 對受其影響之行為之期望
第531條 一般原則
為詐欺性之不實說明之人，對於其意圖或有
理由期望之人因信賴不實說明而作為或不
作為者，就其意圖或期望上述人受影響之交
易類型之合理信賴所致之金錢損失，負責
任。
§ 532. Misrepresentation Incorporated In Document Or 第532條 不實說明之納入文書或其他物
Other Thing
One who embodies a fraudulent misrepresentation in an article of
commerce, a muniment of title, a negotiable instrument or a similar
commercial document, is subject to liability for pecuniary loss caused
to another who deals with him or with a third person regarding the
article or document in justifiable reliance upon the truth of the
representation.
將詐欺性不實說明納入商業文書、所有權證
明文件、有價證券或類似商業文書者，行為
人就他人與其作有關該文書之交易或他人
與第三人作有關該文書之交易，因信賴該說
明之真實，致受金錢損失，應負賠償責任。
§ 533. Representation Made To A Third Person
The maker of a fraudulent misrepresentation is subject to liability for
pecuniary loss to another who acts in justifiable reliance upon it if the
misrepresentation, although not made directly to the other, is made to
a third person and the maker intends or has reason to expect that its
terms will be repeated or its substance communicated to the other, and
that it will influence his conduct in the transaction or type of
transaction involved.
第533條 向第三人所作之說明
向第三人為詐欺性不實說明，但意圖或有理
由期望其說明內容或主要內容將傳達至他
人，並致影響該他人之對某交易或某類型交
易之行為者，行為人就該他人之合理信賴其
不實說明而行為所致之金錢損失，負責任。
§ 534. Representation To More Than One Person
One who makes a fraudulent misrepresentation intending or with
reason to expect that more than one person or class of persons will be
induced to rely on it, or that there will be action or inaction in more
than one transaction or type of transaction, is subject to liability for
pecuniary loss to any one of such persons justifiably relying upon the
misrepresentation in any one or more of such transactions.
第534條 向一人以上之人所作之說明
詐欺性不實說明之人，意圖或有理由相信一
人以上之人或一類級以上之人將受其影響
而信賴，致在一種以上之交易或一類級以上
之交易作為或不作為者，應就受影響之人之
一種或一類級以上之交易因信賴該不實說
明而受之金錢損失，負責任。
§ 535. Continuing Misrepresentation
One who deals with another or induces another to deal with a third
person knowing that the other is relying upon the maker's
misrepresentation previously made to induce the other to act in a
different and earlier transaction is subject to the same liability for
pecuniary loss as though the maker had repeated the representation for
the purpose of influencing the recipient's conduct in the later
transaction.
第535條 持續性不實說明
行為人先前對他人作不實說明致影響其於
交易之作為或不作為，明知該他人將信賴其
先前之不實說明而與他人交易或誘使該他
人與第三人交易者，就該他人所受之金錢損
失，應有如行為人為影響該他人於其後之交
易行為之目的，再作不實說明而負責。
§ 536. Information Required By Statute
If a statute requires information to be furnished, filed, recorded or
published for the protection of a particular class of persons, one who
makes a fraudulent misrepresentation in so doing is subject to liability
to the persons for pecuniary loss suffered through their justifiable
reliance upon the misrepresentation in a transaction of the kind in
which the statute is intended to protect them.
第536條 成文法所規定之消息
成文法要求將消息提供、裝訂、錄製或公
佈，以保護特定類級之人，如行為人就此目
的而提供詐欺性不實說明，就成文法所欲保
護之交易種類所致之金錢損失，應負責任。
Title C. Justifiable Reliance 第三款 合理之信賴
§ 537. General Rule
The recipient of a fraudulent misrepresentation can recover against its
maker for pecuniary loss resulting from it if, but only if,
(a) he relies on the misrepresentation in acting or refraining from
action, and
(b) his reliance is justifiable.
第537條 一般原則
詐欺性不實說明之收受者，就其因而所致金
錢損失向行為人請求賠償，必須符合下列規
定，但也僅於符合下列規定：
(a) 收受者信賴該不實說明而作為或不作
為。
(b) 其信賴有理由(或譯為有正當理由)。
§ 538. Materiality Of Misrepresentation
(1)Reliance upon a fraudulent misrepresentation is not justifiable
unless the matter misrepresented is material.
(2)The matter is material if
(a) a reasonable man would attach importance to its existence or
nonexistence in determining his choice of action in the
transaction in question; or
(b) the maker of the representation knows or has reason to know
that its recipient regards or is likely to regard the matter as
important in determining his choice of action, although a
reasonable man would not so regard it.
第538條 不實說明之重要性
(1)信賴詐欺性不實說明之有正當理由者，
需係該不實說明之事項為主要事項。
(2)事項於下列情形，係重要：
(a) 合理人於決定有關交易之行為選擇
時，就該事項之存在與否，認為是重
要者。
(b) 該不實說明之行為人知悉或有理由
知悉，雖合理人於決定其行為時不致
作此種認定，但不實說明之收受者於
決定其行為時，認為或可能認為該事
項係重要。
§ 538A. Opinion
A representation is one of opinion if it expresses only
(a) the belief of the maker, without certainty, as to the existence of a
fact; or
(b) his judgment as to quality, value, authenticity, or other matters of
judgment.
第538A條 意見
說明係下列方式表示者，僅為意見：
(a) 行為人就其事實之存在，僅相信其存在
而未確定。
(b) 行為人就品質、價值、真實性或其他情
勢之判斷。
§ 539. Representation Of Opinion Implying Justifying Facts
(1)A statement of opinion as to facts not disclosed and not otherwise
known to the recipient may, if it is reasonable to do so, be
interpreted by him as an implied statement
(a) that the facts known to the maker are not incompatible with his
opinion; or
(b) that he knows facts sufficient to justify him in forming it.
(2)In determining whether a statement of opinion may reasonably be
so interpreted, the recipient's belief as to whether the maker has an
adverse interest is important.
第539條 意見之說明而隱含合理化之事
實
(1)就未揭露之事實之意見說明，如意見之
收受者未就其他方面知悉，得合理地解
釋該意見有下列之隱含說明：
(a) 行為人已知之事實，與歧異見非不相
符。
(b) 行為人知悉之事實，足以使其意見得
合理地形成說明。
(2)於決定意見之說明是否得合理地作前項
解釋，意見之收受者之相信行為人是否
因而有相反之利益，為重要之因素。
§ 540. Duty To Investigate
The recipient of a fraudulent misrepresentation of fact is justified in
第540條 調查之責任
有關事實之詐欺性不實說明之收受者，縱然
relying upon its truth, although he might have ascertained the falsity
of the representation had he made an investigation.
就該不實說明作調查即得確知其虛偽性而
不調查，仍得就其信賴該不實說明之真實
性，主張為合理之信賴。
§ 541. Representation Known To Be Or Obviously False
The recipient of a fraudulent misrepresentation is not justified in
relying upon its truth if he knows that it is false or its falsity is
obvious to him.
第541條 知悉或明顯非真實之說明
詐欺性不實說明之收受者知悉該說明非真
實性，或該說明非真實，就收受者而言，係
明顯者，收受者不得主張其信賴該不實說明
之真實性，為合理之信賴。
§ 541A. Representation Of Fact By Adverse Party
The recipient of a fraudulent misrepresentation of fact may be
justified in relying upon it although he believes the maker to have an
adverse interest in the transaction.
第541條A條 他方當事人(相對人)之事
實說明
事實之詐欺性不實說明之收受者縱然相信
行為人於有關之交易，有相反之利益，得就
信賴該不實說明之真實性，主張為合理之信
賴。
§ 542. Opinion Of Adverse Party
The recipient of a fraudulent misrepresentation solely of the maker's
opinion is not justified in relying upon it in a transaction with the
maker, unless the fact to which the opinion relates is material, and the
maker
(a) purports to have special knowledge of the matter that the recipient
does not have, or
(b) stands in a fiduciary or other similar relation of trust and
confidence to the recipient, or
(c) has successfully endeavored to secure the confidence of the
recipient, or
(d) has some other special reason to expect that the recipient will rely
on his opinion.
第542條 他方當事人之意見
詐欺性不實說明僅為行為人之意見者，收受
者不得就其與行為人之交易，主張其信賴為
合理之信賴，但與該意見有關之事實係重
要，且有下列情事之ㄧ者，不在此限:
(a) 行為人聲稱就該事項有特別知識，但收
受者就該事項未具有特別知識；或
(b) 行為人對於收受者有信賴或其他類似信
託關係或受其信任者；或
(c) 行為人已努力而成功地取得收受者之信
任；或
(d) 行為人有其他特殊理由期望收受者將信
賴其意見。
§ 543. Opinion Of Apparently Disinterested Person
The recipient of a fraudulent misrepresentation of opinion is justified
in relying upon it if the opinion is that of a person whom the recipient
reasonably believes to be disinterested and if the fact that such person
holds the opinion is material.
第543條 表面上顯示為無利害關係者之
意見
詐欺性不是說明之意見之收受者，如合理的
相信行為人係無利害關係之人，且其意見所
指者係重要者，收受者得主張其信賴該意
見，係合理之信賴。
§ 544. Statement Of Intention
The recipient of a fraudulent misrepresentation of intention is justified
in relying upon it if the existence of the intention is material and the
recipient has reason to believe that it will be carried out.
第544條 意願之說明
意願之詐欺性不實說明之收受者，於該意願
之存在係重要，且收受者有理由相信該意願
將被實現者，(受害者)得主張其信賴該說
明，係合理之信賴。
§ 545. Misrepresentation Of Law
(1)If a misrepresentation as to a matter of law includes, expressly or
by implication, a misrepresentation of fact, the recipient is
justified in relying upon the misrepresentation of fact to the same
extent as though it were any other misrepresentation of fact.
(2)If a misrepresentation as to a matter of law is only one of opinion
as to the legal consequences of facts, the recipient is justified in
relying upon it to the same extent as though it were a
representation of any other opinion.
第545條 法律之不實說明
(1)有關法律之不實說明而明示或默示包括
事實之不實說明者，收受者之主張信賴
該事實為合理之信賴，得有如其他事實
之不實說明之範圍內而主張。
(2)有關法律之不實說明僅為關於事實之法
律效果之意見，收受者之主張信賴該事
實為合理之信賴，得有如其他意見說明
之範圍內而主張。
§ 545A. Contributory Negligence
One who justifiably relies upon a fraudulent misrepresentation is not
barred from recovery by his contributory negligence in doing so.
第545條A條 與有過失
就詐欺性不實說明得主張合理信賴者，縱然
與有過失，仍得請求賠償。
Title D. Causation
§ 546. Causation In Fact
The maker of a fraudulent misrepresentation is subject to liability for
pecuniary loss suffered by one who justifiably relies upon the truth of
the matter misrepresented, if his reliance is a substantial factor in
determining the course of conduct that results in his loss.
第四款 因果關係
第546條 事實之因果關係
合理的信賴詐欺性不實說明之事項之真實
性者，如其信賴為決定其受損失行為過程之
主要因素時，該詐欺性不實說明之行為人就
其所受金錢上損失，應負責性。
§ 547. Recipient Relying On His Own Investigation
(1)Except as stated in Subsection (2), the maker of a fraudulent
misrepresentation is not liable to another whose decision to engage
in the transaction that the representation was intended to induce is
not caused by his belief in the truth of the representation but is the
result of an independent investigation made by him.
(2)The fact that the recipient of a fraudulent misrepresentation is
relying upon his own investigation does not relieve the maker
from liability if he by false statements or otherwise intentionally
prevents the investigation from being effective.
第547條 詐欺性不實說明之收受者仰賴
自己之調查
(1)行為人就其說明所欲誘使之交易行為，
而向他人作詐欺性不實說明。如該他人
之決定進行該交易行為並非基於信賴該
說明之真實性，而是因其獨立調查之結
果所致者，行為人毋須負責。但符合本
條第2項規定者，不在此限。
(2)詐欺性不實說明之收受者雖信賴自己之
調查而作決定，如行為人以不實陳述或
其他方式，故意阻撓其調查，致失其效
力者，行為人不得因收受者之信賴其自
己之調查而免除責任。
§ 548. Reliance On Action For Misrepresentation
The maker of a fraudulent misrepresentation is not liable to one who
does not rely upon its truth but upon the expectation that the maker
will be held liable in damages for its falsity.
第548條 就不實說明受賠償請求訴訟之
信賴
詐欺性不實說明之行為人，就位信賴其說明
之真實性但卻信賴行為人因其說明不實須
負賠償責任之期望之人，毋須負責。
§ 548A. Legal Causation Of Pecuniary Loss
A fraudulent misrepresentation is a legal cause of a pecuniary loss
resulting from action or inaction in reliance upon it if, but only if, the
loss might reasonably be expected to result from the reliance.
第548條A條 金錢損失之法律原因
因信賴詐欺性不實說明而作為或不作為，致
受金錢損失，如該金錢損失係信賴該詐欺性
不實說明而得合理期望，但也僅限於該金錢
損失係信賴該詐欺性不實說明而得合理期
望者，該詐欺性不實說明為金錢損失之法律
原因。
Title E. Damages For Fraudulent Misrepresentation
§ 549. Measure Of Damages For Fraudulent
Misrepresentation
(1)The recipient of a fraudulent misrepresentation is entitled to
recover as damages in an action of deceit against the maker the
pecuniary loss to him of which the misrepresentation is a legal
cause, including
(a) the difference between the value of what he has received in the
transaction and its purchase price or other value given for it;
and
(b) pecuniary loss suffered otherwise as a consequence of the
recipient's reliance upon the misrepresentation.
(2)The recipient of a fraudulent misrepresentation in a business
transaction is also entitled to recover additional damages sufficient
to give him the benefit of his contract with the maker, if these
damages are proved with reasonable certainty.
第五款 就欺詐性不實說明而請求賠償
第549條 詐欺性不實說明之賠償計算方
式
(1)詐欺性不實說明之收受者，就不實說明
為金錢損失之法律原因者，得以「詐騙
訴訟」請求賠償。此種賠償包括:
(a) 收受者於該交易所取得之價值，與買
賣價金或其他應支付之價值之差
額；以及
(b) 收受者信賴不實說明所致之其他金
錢損失。
(2)商業交易之詐欺性不實說明之收受者，
得就其與行為人間契約所得享受之利
益，經證明為合理確定之利益者，請求
賠償。
Topic 2. Concealment And Nondisclosure
§ 550. Liability For Fraudulent Concealment
One party to a transaction who by concealment or other action
intentionally prevents the other from acquiring material information is
subject to the same liability to the other, for pecuniary loss as though
he had stated the nonexistence of the matter that the other was thus
prevented from discovering.
第二節 隱匿與未揭露
第550條 詐欺性隱匿之責任
交易之當事人一方以隱匿或其他行為，故意
阻礙他方當事人取得主要消息者，應有如向
他方當事人陳述該交易主要情事之不存在
而致阻礙他方當事人發現該重要情事，而就
他方當事人之金錢損失負責任。
§ 551. Liability For Nondisclosure
(1)One who fails to disclose to another a fact that he knows may
justifiably induce the other to act or refrain from acting in a
business transaction is subject to the same liability to the other as
though he had represented the nonexistence of the matter that he
has failed to disclose, if, but only if, he is under a duty to the other
to exercise reasonable care to disclose the matter in question.
(2)One party to a business transaction is under a duty to exercise
reasonable care to disclose to the other before the transaction is
consummated,
第551條 未揭露之責任
(1)行為人就知悉某事時可能合理誘使他人
就商業交易作為或不作為，且對該事實
有關事項有責任，但也僅限於對該事實
有關事項有責任，以合理注意向他人揭
露而怠於揭露者，應就該怠於揭露之事
項，有如作該事項不存在之說明而負責
任。
(2)商業交易之當事人應於交易完成前，以
合理注意向他方當事人揭露下列事項:
(a) matters known to him that the other is entitled to know
because of a fiduciary or other similar relation of trust and
confidence between them; and
(b) matters known to him that he knows to be necessary to
prevent his partial or ambiguous statement of the facts from
being misleading; and
(c) subsequently acquired information that he knows will make
untrue or misleading a previous representation that when
made was true or believed to be so; and
(d) the falsity of a representation not made with the expectation
that it would be acted upon, if he subsequently learns that the
other is about to act in reliance upon it in a transaction with
him; and
(e) facts basic to the transaction, if he knows that the other is
about to enter into it under a mistake as to them, and that the
other, because of the relationship between them, the customs
of the trade or other objective circumstances, would
reasonably expect a disclosure of those facts.
(a) 行為人所知悉之事項，因信賴或其
他類似信託關係或當事人間之信
任，他方當事人有權知悉者；以及
(b) 行為人知悉之事項，為避免其所作
部份、含糊之事實說明之致他方誤
解者；以及
(c) 行為人先前所作之說明為真實或相
信其為真實，但其後所得到之消
息，使行為人知悉該消息將使其先
前所作之說明不再為真實或易致誤
解者；以及
(d) 行為人不作不實說明係期望他方當
事人不致信賴該說明，但其後行為
人知悉他方將信賴該說明而與行為
人進行交易者；以及
(e) 交易有關之主要事實，行為人知悉
他方當事人將誤解該主要事實而進
行交易，而他方基於雙方關係、貿
易習慣或其他客觀情況，得合理期
待行為人揭露該事實者。
Topic 3. Negligent Misrepresentation
§ 552. Information Negligently Supplied For The Guidance
Of Others
(1)One who, in the course of his business, profession or employment,
or in any other transaction in which he has a pecuniary interest,
supplies false information for the guidance of others in their
business transactions, is subject to liability for pecuniary loss
caused to them by their justifiable reliance upon the information, if
he fails to exercise reasonable care or competence in obtaining or
communicating the information.
(2)Except as stated in Subsection (3), the liability stated in
Subsection (1) is limited to loss suffered
(a) by the person or one of a limited group of persons for whose
benefit and guidance he intends to supply the information or
knows that the recipient intends to supply it; and
(b) through reliance upon it in a transaction that he intends the
information to influence or knows that the recipient so intends
or in a substantially similar transaction.
(3)The liability of one who is under a public duty to give the
information extends to loss suffered by any of the class of persons
for whose benefit the duty is created, in any of the transactions in
which it is intended to protect them.
第三節 過失之不實說明
第552條 過失提供引導他人之消息
(1)於營業、職業、僱傭或其他有金錢利益
之交易過程，而提供作為他人交易之引
導之不實消息者，如有怠於合理注意或
無合理能力而取得或傳遞訊息，就該他
人之合理信賴該消息之金錢損失，應負
責任。
(2)除本條第3項規定外，第1項所規定之責
任，僅限於符合下列規定之損失：
(a) 為其利益及引導而由行為人提供消
息之人(或受提供消息人中之ㄧ人)
所受之損失，或為其利益及引導，
而行為人知悉該不實消息之收受者
將對之提供該消息而致之損失；且
(b) 行為人意圖其消息將影響之交易，
該他人之信賴(不實)消息而進行交
易而受損失；或行為人知悉不實消
息收受者意圖使該他人於該交易信
賴不實消息而進行交易而受損失，
或於實質上相似之交易之信賴而受
損失；
(3)有公共責任而提供消息之人，其責任擴
及於公共責任所欲給予利益之人，就該
公共責任所欲保護之交易所致之損失。
§ 552A. Contributory Negligence
The recipient of a negligent misrepresentation is barred from recovery
for pecuniary loss suffered in reliance upon it if he is negligent in so
relying.
第552A條 與有過失
過失不實說明之收受者，如其信賴該消息與
有過失，就其索金錢損失請求賠償，因而受
阻礙。
§ 552B. Damages For Negligent Misrepresentation
(1)The damages recoverable for a negligent misrepresentation are
those necessary to compensate the plaintiff for the pecuniary loss
to him of which the misrepresentation is a legal cause, including
(a) the difference between the value of what he has received in
the transaction and its purchase price or other value given for
it; and
(b) pecuniary loss suffered otherwise as a consequence of the
plaintiff's reliance upon the misrepresentation.
(2)the damages recoverable for a negligent misrepresentation do not
include the benefit of the plaintiff's contract with the defendant.
第552B條 過失不實說明之賠償
(1)因過失不實說明而得請求之賠償，係指
原告因不實說明為法律原因所致之金錢
損失所須之補償，包括：
(a) 原告於該交易所取得之價值，與買賣
價金或其他應支付之價值之差額；以
及
(b) 原告信賴不實說明所致之其他金錢
損失。
(2)因過失不實說明而得請求賠償之損失，
不包括原告與被告間契約之利益。
Topic 4. Innocent Misrepresentation
§ 552C. Misrepresentation In Sale, Rental Or Exchange
Transaction
(1)One who, in a sale, rental or exchange transaction with another,
makes a misrepresentation of a material fact for the purpose of
inducing the other to act or to refrain from acting in reliance upon
it, is subject to liability to the other for pecuniary loss caused to
him by his justifiable reliance upon the misrepresentation, even
though it is not made fraudulently or negligently.
(2)Damages recoverable under the rule stated in this section are
limited to the difference between the value of what the other has
parted with and the value of what he has received in the
transaction.
第四節 無過失之不實說明
第552C條 買賣、租賃或互易之不實說
明
(1)買賣、租賃或互易之當事人一方，為誘
使他方當事人信賴其說明以作為或不作
為，而就重要事實作不實說明者，縱然
其不實說明無故意或過失，就他方當事
人之合理信賴該不實說明所致之金錢損
失應負責任。
(2)本條所規定之得請求賠償之損失，限於
他方當事人於該交易所提供之價值與其
所受領價值之差額。
Chapter 23. Fraudulent Misrepresentation And
Nondisclosure In Miscellaneous Transactions
§ 553. Fraudulent Misrepresentations Inducing Gifts To
Maker Or Third Persons
One who by a fraudulent misrepresentation, or by the nondisclosure of
a fact which as between himself and another it is his duty to disclose,
intentionally induces the other to make a gift to him or to a third
person is subject to liability to the donor for the loss caused by the
making of the gift.
第二十三章 其他各種交易之詐欺性不
實說明與不揭露
第553條 以詐欺性不實說明誘使向行為
人或第三人贈與
就其與他人間之有責任公開之事實，作詐欺
性不實說明或不揭露，故意誘使該他人向其
(行為人)或第三人贈與者，行為人須就贈與
人因贈與所致之損失負責。
§ 554. Fraudulent Nondisclosure Of Physical Conditions 第554條 致婚姻關係受侵害之身體狀況
Making Marital Relation Dangerous
A husband or wife who fraudulently conceals from the other a
physical condition that makes cohabitation dangerous to the health of
the other spouse is subject to liability to the other spouse for the harm
suffered as a result.
之故意不揭露
配偶之一方就其身體狀況對共同生活有影
響他方健康之情事詐欺性隱匿者，就他方因
而所致之傷害，應負責任。
§ 555. Fraudulent Misrepresentation Or Nondisclosure
Inducing Recipient To Enter Into Meretricious Relations
With The Maker Or Third Person
One who by fraudulent misrepresentation that he or she is free to
contract a lawful marriage or by a failure to disclose a bar to the
marriage induces another to cohabit as husband and wife is subject to
liability to the other for any harm suffered as a result of the
cohabitation.
第555條 誘使收受與行為人或第三人發
生性行為關係之詐欺性不實說明或不揭
露
以詐欺性不實說明聲稱行為人得訂定合法
婚約，或怠於揭露阻礙婚姻之情事，而誘使
他人有如夫妻而與之同居者，行為人就他人
之同居所致之傷害，應負責任。
§ 556. Fraudulent Misrepresentation Of A Third Person's
Fitness For Or Freedom To Marry
One who by fraudulent misrepresentation that a third person is
physically fit and legally free to marry intentionally induces another
to enter into a marriage with the third person is subject to liability to
the other for any harm caused to the other by the misrepresentation.
第556條 就第三人之身體上適於婚姻或
有婚姻自由之詐欺性不實說明
就第三人之是否身體上適於婚姻、法律上得
自由結婚，意圖誘使他人與該第三人結婚而
作詐欺性不實說明者，因不實說明而致該他
人受傷害者，行為人應負責任。
§ 557. Fraudulent Misrepresentations Inducing Unlawful
Acts Or Omissions
One who by fraudulent misrepresentations induces another to do an
act that would be lawful if the representation were true but which is in
fact unlawful is liable to the other for the loss that he incurs in
consequence of the unlawfulness of the act thus induced.
第557條 誘使非法作為或不作為之詐欺
性不實說明
以詐欺性不實說明誘使他人就該說明如為
真實則其行為係合法行為，(但該說明非真
實致其行為係非法行為)，該他人因其行為
非法所受之損害，行為人應負責任。
§ 557A. Fraudulent Misrepresentations Causing Physical
Harm
One who by a fraudulent misrepresentation or nondisclosure of a fact
that it is his duty to disclose causes physical harm to the person or to
the land or chattel of another who justifiably relies upon the
misrepresentation, is subject to liability to the other.
第557A條 致實體受傷害之詐欺性不實
說明
就有責任公開之事實，作詐欺性不實說明或
不揭露，知他人身體、土地或動產因其合理
信賴其不實說明而受傷害者，行為人應負其
責任。
Division 5. Defamation
Chapter 24. Invasions Of Interest In Reputation
Topic 1. Elements Of A Cause Of Action For Defamation
§ 558. Elements Stated
第伍編 誹謗
第二十四章 名譽之侵犯
第一節 誹謗訴因之要素
第558條 誹謗之要素
To create liability for defamation there must be:
(a) a false and defamatory statement concerning another;
(b) an unprivileged publication to a third party;
(c) fault amounting at least to negligence on the part of the publisher;
and
(d) either actionability of the statement irrespective of special harm or
the existence of special harm caused by the publication.
構成誹謗責任之要素為：
(a) 關於他人之虛偽不實且誹謗性陳述；
(b) 向第三人作未具免責特殊權力之公布；
(c) 發布者至少有過失；
(d) 該陳述之不論是否致特別傷害而得提起
訴訟或因致特別傷害而得提起訴訟。
Topic 2. Defamatory Communications
§ 559. Defamatory Communication Defined
A communication is defamatory if it tends so to harm the reputation
of another as to lower him in the estimation of the community or to
deter third persons from associating or dealing with him.
第二節 誹謗性傳遞消息
第559條
傳遞消息之使他人於社會之評價降低，或阻
礙第三人與該他人結交或交往，而損害該他
人之名譽者，為誹謗性之傳遞消息。
§ 560. Defamation Of Deceased Persons
One who publishes defamatory matter concerning a deceased person
is not liable either to the estate of the person or to his descendants or
relatives.
第560條 對已死亡之人之誹謗
發表有關已死亡之人之誹謗性事項，毋須對
其遺產、其子孫或其親友負責任。
§ 561. Defamation Of Corporation
One who publishes defamatory matter concerning a corporation is
subject to liability to it
(a) if the corporation is one for profit, and the matter tends to
prejudice it in the conduct of its business or to deter others from
dealing with it, or
(b) if, although not for profit, it depends upon financial support from
the public, and the matter tends to interfere with its activities by
prejudicing it in public estimation.
第561條 對法人之誹謗
發布有關法人之誹謗性事項，符合下列規定
之一者，應對該法人負責任：
(a) 法人如為以營利為目的，其所發布之事
項欲使其營業受到侵害或阻礙他人與其
交往，或
(b) 法人雖非以營利為目的，但依賴社會大
眾之財政上援助，而其發布之事項欲藉
社會大眾對其評估之侵害而干預其活
動。
§ 562. Defamation Of Partnership Or Association
One who publishes defamatory matter concerning a partnership or an
unincorporated association is subject to liability to it as if it were a
corporation.
第562條 對合夥或組合體之誹謗
發布有關合夥或非法人之組合體之誹謗事
項者，應有如發佈有關法人之誹謗事項而負
責任。
§ 563. Meaning Of The Communication
The meaning of a communication is that which the recipient correctly,
or mistakenly but reasonably, understands that it was intended to
express.
第563條 傳遞之消息之意義
傳遞之消息之意義，係指消息之收受者正確
地或錯誤地，但合理地瞭解其為傳遞消息所
意圖表達者。
§ 564. Applicability Of Defamatory Communication To
Plaintiff
A defamatory communication is made concerning the person to whom
its recipient correctly, or mistakenly but reasonably, understands that
it was intended to refer.
第564條 誹謗性傳遞消息之可否適用於
原告
誹謗性傳遞消息所牽涉之人，係指消息之收
受者正確地或錯誤地，但合理的了解該傳遞
消息所意圖提及之人。
§ 564A. Defamation Of A Group Or Class
One who publishes defamatory matter concerning a group or class of
persons is subject to liability to an individual member of it if, but only
if,
(a) the group or class is so small that the matter can reasonably be
understood to refer to the member, or
(b) the circumstances of publication reasonably give rise to the
conclusion that there is particular reference to the member.
第564A條 對一群人或一類級之人之誹
謗
發布有關一群人或一類級之人誹謗性事
項，如符合下列規定之ㄧ，但也僅於符合下
列規定之一者，應對該群人或類級之個人負
責任：
(a) 該群人或類級之人數少，致該誹謗性事
項得合理地瞭解為指其組成之個人；或
(b) 發布之客觀情況得合理地推論為，特別
提及其組成之個人。
Topic 3. Types Of Defamatory Communication
§ 565. Statements Of Fact
A defamatory communication may consist of a statement of fact.
第三節 誹謗性傳遞消息之態樣
第565條 事實之陳述
誹謗性傳遞消息，可能為事實之陳述。
§ 566. Expressions Of Opinion
A defamatory communication may consist of a statement in the form
of an opinion, but a statement of this nature is actionable only if it
implies the allegation of undisclosed defamatory facts as the basis for
the opinion.
第566條 意見之表達
誹謗性之傳遞消息可能為意見表達方式之
陳述；但此種本質之陳述，僅於其隱含該意
見之根據有未揭露之誹謗性事實之疑時，方
得作訴訟上之請求。
§ 567. Expressions Of Opinion Upon Undisclosed Facts
[The Section is omitted. The matter is now covered by § 566.]
第567條 就未揭露事實所作之意見表達
【本條刪除；有關事項規定於第566條】
Topic 4. Forms Of Defamatory Communications
§ 568. Libel And Slander Distinguished
(1)Libel consists of the publication of defamatory matter by written
or printed words, by its embodiment in physical form or by any
other form of communication that has the potentially harmful
qualities characteristic of written or printed words.
(2)Slander consists of the publication of defamatory matter by spoken
words, transitory gestures or by any form of communication other
than those stated in Subsection (1).
(3)The area of dissemination, the deliberate and premeditated
第四節 誹謗性傳遞訊息之方式
第568條 文字誹謗與非文字誹謗之區別
(1)文字誹謗包括誹謗性事項之以書寫、印
刷文字、置於實體或其他具有書寫、印
刷文字之潛在傷害性質之方式之傳遞消
息。
(2)非文字誹謗包括誹謗性事項之以語言、
短暫性之姿勢或前項所規定以外之其它
方式之傳遞消息。
(3)於決定一公佈消息為文字誹謗，而不是
character of its publication and the persistence of the defamation
are factors to be considered in determining whether a publication
is a libel rather than a slander.
非文字誹謗，散佈消息之範圍、公佈該
消息之深思熟慮、預謀或誹謗之持續存
在性，為考慮之因素。
§ 568A. Radio And Television
Broadcasting of defamatory matter by means of radio or television is
libel, whether or not it is read from a manuscript.
第568A條 無線電播音與電視
以無線電播音或電視播放誹謗性事項者，不
論其是否就腳本而誦讀，為文字誹謗。
Topic 5. Defamation Actionable Irrespective Of Special
Harm (Defamation Actionable Per Se)
§ 569. Liability Without Proof Of Special Harm—Libel
One who falsely publishes matter defamatory of another in such a
manner as to make the publication a libel is subject to liability to the
other although no special harm results from the publication.
第五節 不論是否造成特別傷害均得提
起訴訟救濟之誹謗(當然得提起訴訟之
誹謗)
第569條 毋須證明受特別傷害之文字毀
謗責任
作不實公布誹謗他人事項而該公布為文字
誹謗者，該他人縱然未因公佈而受特別傷
害，行為人對之應負責任。
§ 570. Liability Without Proof Of Special Harm—Slander
One who publishes matter defamatory to another in such a manner as
to make the publication a slander is subject to liability to the other
although no special harm results if the publication imputes to the other
(a) a criminal offense, as stated in § 571, or
(b) a loathsome disease, as stated in § 572, or
(c) matter incompatible with his business, trade, profession, or office,
as stated in § 573, or
(d) serious sexual misconduct, as stated in § 574.
第570條 毋需證明受特別傷害之非文字
誹謗之責任
作不實公布誹謗他人事項而該公布為非文
字誹謗者，如他人係受下列事項之指責時，
該他人縱然未因公布而受特別傷害，行為人
對之應負責任：
(a) 犯罪行為，如第571條之規定；或
(b) 令人厭惡疾病，如第572條之規定；或
(c) 與其營業、貿易、職業或職位不能和諧
並存之事項，如第573條之規定；或
(d) 嚴重之不當性行為，如第574條之規定。
§ 571. Slanderous Imputations Of Criminal Conduct
One who publishes a slander that imputes to another conduct
constituting a criminal offense is subject to liability to the other
without proof of special harm if the offense imputed is of a type
which, if committed in the place of publication, would be
(a) punishable by imprisonment in a state or federal institution, or
(b) regarded by public opinion as involving moral turpitude.
第571條 犯罪行為之非文字誹謗
作他人之行為構成犯罪行為之非文字誹
謗，如實行其所歸責之犯罪於其公布處所係
為下列之情事者，行為人對於該他人未證明
其受特別傷害，亦須負責任；
(a) 該犯罪行為於州或聯邦得受自由型之處
罰；或
(b) 該犯罪行為，社會輿論認為係道德上可
恥行為。
§ 572. Slanderous Imputations Of Loathsome Disease
One who publishes a slander that imputes to another an existing
venereal disease or other loathsome and communicable disease is
第572條 令人厭惡疾病之非文字誹謗
作他人具性病或其他令人厭惡而有傳染性
之疾病之非文字誹謗者，縱然未證明該他人
subject to liability without proof of special harm. 受特別傷害，行為人應負責任。
§ 573. Slanderous Imputations Affecting Business, Trade,
Profession Or Office
One who publishes a slander that ascribes to another conduct,
characteristics or a condition that would adversely affect his fitness
for the proper conduct of his lawful business, trade or profession, or
of his public or private office, whether honorary or for profit, is
subject to liability without proof of special harm.
第573條 影響營業、貿易、職業或職位
之非文字誹謗
作他人之行為、品性或情況將不利影響其合
法營業、貿易、職業、公眾或私人職位、榮
譽或營利職位之適當性之非文字誹謗者，縱
然未經證明該他人受特別傷害，行為人應負
責任。
§ 574. Slanderous Imputations Of Sexual Misconduct
One who publishes a slander that imputes serious sexual misconduct
to another is subject to liability to the other without proof of special
harm.
第574條 不當性行為之非文字誹謗
作他人有嚴重不當性行為之非文字誹謗
者，縱然未經證明該他人受特別傷害，行為
人應負責任。
Topic 6. Defamatory Communications Causing Special
Harm
§ 575. Slander Creating Liability Because Of Special Harm
One who publishes a slander that, although not actionable per se, is
the legal cause of special harm to the person defamed, is subject to
liability to him.
第六節 致特別傷害之誹謗性傳遞消息
第575條 因別傷害而致需負責之非文字
誹謗
非當然得提起訴訟之非文字誹謗者，如其非
文字誹謗為受誹謗者之特別傷害之法律原
因，亦須負責任。
§ 576. Harm Caused By Repetition
The publication of a libel or slander is a legal cause of any special
harm resulting from its repetition by a third person if, but only if,
(a) the third person was privileged to repeat it, or
(b) the repetition was authorized or intended by the original defamer,
or
(c) the repetition was reasonably to be expected.
第576條 因重複公布、傳遞而致傷害
文字誹謗或非文字誹謗，因第三人於下列情
況，但也僅於下列情況，之重複公布、傳遞，
均為致任何特別傷害之法律原因：
(a) 第三人有重複公布、傳遞文字誹謗或非
文字誹謗之免責特殊權力；或
(b) 第三人之重複公布、傳遞文字誹謗或非
文字誹謗係經原誹謗行為人之授權或依
其所意圖者；或
(c) 第三人之重複公布、傳遞文字誹謗或非
文字誹謗，係合理得預料者。
Topic 7. Publication Of Defamatory Matter
§ 577. What Constitutes Publication
(1)Publication of defamatory matter is its communication
intentionally or by a negligent act to one other than the person
defamed.
(2)One who intentionally and unreasonably fails to remove
第七節 誹謗事項之公布
第577條 公佈之構成要件
(1)誹謗事項之公布，係指將誹謗內容以故
意或過失行為傳遞於受誹謗者以外之第
三人。
(2)故意且不合理地怠於使其明知將於其占
defamatory matter that he knows to be exhibited on land or
chattels in his possession or under his control is subject to liability
for its continued publication.
有或監督之土地或動產揭露之誹謗事項
移離者，就該誹謗事項之持續公布，應
負責任。
§ 577A. Single And Multiple Publications
(1)Except as stated in Subsections (2) and (3), each of several
communications to a third person by the same defamer is a
separate publication.
(2)A single communication heard at the same time by two or more
third persons is a single publication.
(3)Any one edition of a book or newspaper, or any one radio or
television broadcast, exhibition of a motion picture or similar
aggregate communication is a single publication.
(4)As to any single publication,
(a) only one action for damages can be maintained;
(b) all damages suffered in all jurisdictions can be recovered in
the one action; and
(c) a judgment for or against the plaintiff upon the merits of any
action for damages bars any other action for damages between
the same parties in all jurisdictions.
第577A條 單一與多重之公布
(1)除本條第2項及第3項規定外，誹謗者(行
為人)將誹謗事項多次傳遞於第三人
者，每一次之傳遞為分別之誹謗事項之
公布。
(2)誹謗事項之單一傳遞同時為二人或二人
以上之第三人聽取，仍為單一之誹謗公
布。
(3)書籍或報章雜誌之出版、無線電播音、
電視之播放、電影之放映或類似之聚合
傳遞，為單一之誹謗公布。
(4)對於單一之誹謗公布
(a) 其賠償，僅得提起一訴訟。
(b) 在各管轄權區內之所有賠償，得於
一訴訟請求；
(c) 就誹謗之賠償訴訟之實體判決，不
論有利或不利於原告，同樣當事人
之於各管轄區內之其他賠償訴訟，
因而受阻礙(必須終止)。
§ 578. Liability Of Republisher
Except as to those who only deliver or transmit defamation published
by a third person, one who repeats or otherwise republishes
defamatory matter is subject to liability as if he had originally
published it.
第578條 再次公布者之責任
除僅就第三人所公佈之誹謗投送、轉送之
外，重覆或一其它方式再次公布誹謗事項
者，應有如誹謗事項之最初公布者而負責
任。
Topic 8. Requirement Of Fault
§ 579. Mistaken Description
[The Section is omitted. The matter is now covered by §§ 580A and
580B.]
第八節 須有故意過失
第579條 錯誤之描述
【本條刪除；有關事項規定於第580A條及
第580B條】
§ 580. Intention
[The Section is omitted. The matter is now covered by §§ 580A and
580B.]
第580條 故意
【本條刪除；有關事項規定於第580A條及
第580B條】
§ 580A. Defamation Of Public Official Or Public Figure
One who publishes a false and defamatory communication concerning
第580A條 對公職人員或社會聞人之誹謗
行為人於下列情況，但也僅於下列情況，就
a public official or public figure in regard to his conduct, fitness or
role in that capacity is subject to liability, if, but only if, he
(a) knows that the statement is false and that it defames the other
person, or
(b) acts in reckless disregard of these matters.
一公職人員(或譯為公務員)或社會聞人之公
眾能力之行為或擔任職位、角色之合適性、
做虛偽而誹謗之傳遞消息者，應負責任：
(a) 行為人知悉該傳遞消息之陳述係虛偽不
實，且對該他人誹謗；或
(b) 行為人魯莽棄置不顧該傳遞消息之陳述
是否虛偽不實、是否對該他人誹謗。
§ 580B. Defamation Of Private Person
One who publishes a false and defamatory communication concerning
a private person, or concerning a public official or public figure in
relation to a purely private matter not affecting his conduct, fitness or
role in his public capacity, is subject to liability, if, but only if, he
(a) knows that the statement is false and that it defames the other,
(b) acts in reckless disregard of these matters, or
(c) acts negligently in failing to ascertain them.
第580B條 對一般人之誹謗
行為人對於一般人作虛偽而誹謗之傳遞消
息，或對於公職人員或社會聞人之純粹私人
事項而無關其公眾之行為、擔任職位、角色
之合適性，所做虛偽而誹謗之傳遞消息者，
於下列情況，但也僅限於下列情況，應負責
任：
(a) 行為人知悉該傳遞消息之陳述係虛偽不
實，且對該他人誹謗；或
(b) 行為人魯莽棄置不顧該傳遞消息之陳述
是否虛偽不實，是否對該他人誹謗；或
(c) 行為人過失而怠於確定其傳遞消息之陳
述之虛偽、誹謗情事。
§ 581. Transmission Of Defamation Published By Third
Person
(1)Except as stated in subsection (2), one who only delivers or
transmits defamatory matter published by a third person is subject
to liability if, but only if, he knows or has reason to know of its
defamatory character.
(2)One who broadcasts defamatory matter by means of radio or
television is subject to the same liability as an original publisher.
第581條 第三人公布之誹謗之傳播
(1)除本條第2項規定外，就第三人所公佈之
誹謗事項做投送、轉送，如行為人知悉
或有理由知悉就該事項有誹謗性，但也
僅限於行為人知悉或有理由知悉就該事
項有誹謗性，行為人應負責任。
(2)以無線電廣播或是播放誹謗事項者，應
負與最初(原)公布者同樣之責任。
Topic 9. Truth
§ 581A. True Statements
One who publishes a defamatory statement of fact is not subject to
liability for defamation if the statement is true.
第九節 真實
第581A條 真實陳述
就真實而作具有誹謗性之陳述公布者，如該
陳述為真實者，行為人毋須就誹謗而負責
任。
Chapter 25. Defenses To Actions For Defamation
Topic 1. Truth
§ 582. True Statements Of Fact [Omitted. See § 581A.]
[The Section is omitted. The matter is now covered in § 581A.]
第二十五章 誹謗訴訟之抗辯
第一節 真實
第582條 事實之真實陳述
【本條刪除；有關事項規定於第581A條】
Topic 2. Absolute Privileges
Title A. Consent
§ 583. General Principle
Except as stated in § 584, the consent of another to the publication of
defamatory matter concerning him is a complete defense to his action
for defamation.
第二節 絕對免責之特殊權利
第一款 同意
第583條 一般原則
除第584條規定外，對有關誹謗事項之公布
同意時，就該人主張受誹謗而提起訴訟，有
完全之抗辯。
§ 584. Inquiry And Investigation
An honest inquiry or investigation by the person defamed to ascertain
the existence, source, content or meaning of a defamatory publication
is not a defense to an action for its republication by the defamer.
第584條 詢問與調查
受誹謗者為確定誹謗性公布之存在、來源、
內容或意義而作誠實之詢問與調查，誹謗者
如就誹謗事項在作公布時，受誹謗者因而提
起訴訟者，誹謗者不得以其詢問與調查而抗
辯。
Title B. Absolute Privilege Irrespective Of Consent
§ 585. Judicial Officers
A judge or other officer performing a judicial function is absolutely
privileged to publish defamatory matter in the performance of the
function if the publication has some relation to the matter before him.
第二款 不論受誹謗者同意與否，絕對免
責之特殊權利
第585條 司法人員
法官或執行司法功能之其他公務員，於執行
司法功能而就其審查有關連事項所作之誹
謗事項之公布，有絕對免責之特殊權利。
§ 586. Attorneys At Law
An attorney at law is absolutely privileged to publish defamatory
matter concerning another in communications preliminary to a
proposed judicial proceeding, or in the institution of, or during the
course and as a part of, a judicial proceeding in which he participates
as counsel, if it has some relation to the proceeding.
第586條 律師
律師於準備提起司法程序之預備程序、提起
司法程序、司法程序進行中或司法程序中之
ㄧ部分，就司法程序有關之事項，作誹謗性
之公布者，有絕對免責之特殊權利。
§ 587. Parties To Judicial Proceedings
A party to a private litigation or a private prosecutor or defendant in a
criminal prosecution is absolutely privileged to publish defamatory
matter concerning another in communications preliminary to a
proposed judicial proceeding, or in the institution of or during the
course and as a part of, a judicial proceeding in which he participates,
if the matter has some relation to the proceeding.
第587條 司法程序之當事人
民事訴訟之當事人、刑事訴訟之告訴人、告
發人或被告，於準備提起司法程序之預備程
序、提起司法程序、司法程序中或司法程序
中之ㄧ部份，就司法程序有關之事項，作誹
謗性之公布者，有絕對免責之特殊權利。
§ 588. Witnesses In Judicial Proceedings 第588條 司法程序之證人
A witness is absolutely privileged to publish defamatory matter
concerning another in communications preliminary to a proposed
judicial proceeding or as a part of a judicial proceeding in which he is
testifying, if it has some relation to the proceeding.
證人於司法程序之準備程序或司法程序中
作證，而就司法程序有關事項做誹謗性之公
布者，有絕對免責之特殊權利。
§ 589. Jurors
A member of a grand or petit jury is absolutely privileged to publish
defamatory matter concerning another in the performance of his
function as a juror, if the defamatory matter has some relation to the
proceedings in which he is acting as juror.
第589條 陪審員
大陪審團或小陪審團於行使陪審員功能而
作陳述，如其陳述與司法程序有關而作誹謗
事項之公布者，有絕對免責之特殊權利。
§ 590. Legislators
A member of the Congress of the United States or of a State or local
legislative body is absolutely privileged to publish defamatory matter
concerning another in the performance of his legislative functions.
第590條 立法者
美國國會議員、州議會議員或地發立法機關
之ㄧ份子於行使其立法功能而公佈有關他
人之誹謗性事項者，有絕對免責之特殊權
利。
§ 590A. Witnesses In Legislative Proceedings
A witness is absolutely privileged to publish defamatory matter as
part of a legislative proceeding in which he is testifying or in
communications preliminary to the proceeding, if the matter has some
relation to the proceeding.
第590A條 立法程序之證人
證人就立法程序有關事項作證或就立法程
序之準備而傳遞消息，而作誹謗性事項之公
布；如該事項與立法程序有關者，證人有絕
對免責之特殊權利。
§ 591. Executive And Administrative Officers
An absolute privilege to publish defamatory matter concerning
another in communications made in the performance of his official
duties exists for
(a) any executive or administrative officer of the United States; or
(b) a governor or other superior executive officer of a state.
第591條(高級)行政人員
(a) 美國聯邦之行政人員；或
(b) 各州之州長或其他高級行政人員，
就行使其職權而作誹謗他人事項之公布
者，有絕對免責之特殊權利。
§ 592. Husband And Wife
A husband or a wife is absolutely privileged to publish to the other
spouse defamatory matter concerning a third person.
第592條 夫妻
夫妻相互間作有關第三人之誹謗事項之公
布者，有絕對免責之特殊權利。
§ 592A. Publication Required By Law
One who is required by law to publish defamatory matter is absolutely
privileged to publish it.
第592A條 依法律規定應作之公布
依法律規定須公布誹謗性事項者，就其公布
有絕對免費之特殊權利。
Topic 3. Conditional Privileges 第三節 附條件之免責特殊權利
Title A. Occasions Making A Publication Conditionally
Privileged
Subtitle I. General Requirements
§ 593. Elements Of Conditional Privilege Arising From
Occasion
One who publishes defamatory matter concerning another is not liable
for the publication if
(a) the matter is published upon an occasion that makes it
conditionally privileged and
(b) the privilege is not abused.
第一款 偶爾公佈之附條件免責特殊權
利
第一目 一般要件
第593條 特定場合而發生附條件免責特
殊權利之要素
有關他人而發布誹謗性事項，如符合下列要
素，公布者毋需負責：
(a) 事項之公布係於發生附條件之免責特殊
權利之場合；並且
(b) 該免責之特殊權利未被濫用
Subtitle II. Factors Determining The Existence Of A
Conditional Privilege Arising From An Occasion
§ 594. Protection Of The Publisher's Interest
An occasion makes a publication conditionally privileged if the
circumstances induce a correct or reasonable belief that
(a) there is information that affects a sufficiently important interest of
the publisher, and
(b) the recipient's knowledge of the defamatory matter will be of
service in the lawful protection of the interest.
第二目 決定特定場合而生附條件免責
特殊權利存在與否之因素
第594條 公布者利益之保護
使公布為附條件之免責特殊權利之場合
為，情勢誘使(一般人)正確或合理相信
(a) 有影響公布者之充分重要利益之消息；
並且
(b) 收受消息者之知悉誹謗性事項，將因而
提供合法保護該利益之服務。
§ 595. Protection Of Interest Of Recipient Or A Third
Person
(1)An occasion makes a publication conditionally privileged if the
circumstances induce a correct or reasonable belief that
(a) there is information that affects a sufficiently important
interest of the recipient or a third person, and
(b) the recipient is one to whom the publisher is under a legal
duty to publish the defamatory matter or is a person to whom
its publication is otherwise within the generally accepted
standards of decent conduct.
(2)In determining whether a publication is within generally accepted
standards of decent conduct it is an important factor that
(a) the publication is made in response to a request rather than
volunteered by the publisher or
(b) a family or other relationship exists between the parties.
第595條 收受者或第三人利益之保護
(1)使公布為附條件之免責特殊權利之場合
為，情勢誘使(一般人)正確或合理相信
(a) 有影響(消息)收受者或第三人之充
分重要利益之消息；並且
(b) 收受者為公布者依法有對之公布誹
謗性事項之責之人或收受者為公布
者於其他方面就一般適當行為標準
得對之公布消息之人。
(2)於決定公佈是否為一般得接受之適當行
為之內之公布，下列因素應加考慮：
(a) 公布係受要求而作成，並非公布者之
自願行為；或
(b) 當事人間有家屬或其他關係之存在。
§ 596. Common Interest
An occasion makes a publication conditionally privileged if the
circumstances lead any one of several persons having a common
interest in a particular subject matter correctly or reasonably to
believe that there is information that another sharing the common
第596條 共同利益
數人就一特定標的共同利益，如情勢致其中
之任何一人正確地或合理地相信，享受共同
利益者有知悉該消息之權利者，即為使公布
為附條件之免責特殊權利之場合。
interest is entitled to know.
§ 597. Family Relationships
(1)An occasion makes a publication conditionally privileged if the
circumstances induce a correct or reasonable belief that
(a) there is information that affects the well-being of a member of
the immediate family of the publisher, and
(b) the recipient's knowledge of the defamatory matter will be of
service in the lawful protection of the well-being of the
member of the family.
(2)An occasion makes a publication conditionally privileged when
the circumstances induce a correct or reasonable belief that
(a) there is information that affects the well-being of a member of
the immediate family of the recipient or of a third person, and
(b) the recipient's knowledge of the defamatory matter will be of
service in the lawful protection of the well-being of the
member of the family, and
(c) the recipient has requested the publication of the defamatory
matter or is a person to whom its publication is otherwise
within generally accepted standards of decent conduct.
第597條 親屬關係
(1)使公布為附條件之免責特殊權利之場合
為，情勢誘使(一般人)正確或合理相信
(a) 有影響公布者之親屬成員利益之消
息；並且
(b) 收受消息者之知悉誹謗性事項，將
因而提供親屬成員利益合法保護之
服務。
(2)使公布為附條件之免責特殊利益之場合
為，情勢誘使(一般人)正確或合理相信；
並且
(a) 有影響(消息)收受者之親屬成員或
第三人利益之消息；並且
(b) 收受消息者之知悉誹謗事項，將因
而提供親屬成員利益合法保護之服
務；並且
(c) 收受者請求為誹謗性事項之公布或
收受者為公布者於其他方面就一般
適當行為標準，得對之公布消息之
人。
§ 598. Communication To One Who May Act In The Public
Interest
An occasion makes a publication conditionally privileged if the
circumstances induce a correct or reasonable belief that
(a) there is information that affects a sufficiently important public
interest, and
(b) the public interest requires the communication of the defamatory
matter to a public officer or a private citizen who is authorized or
privileged to take action if the defamatory matter is true.
第598條 向可能為公共利益而行為之人
傳遞訊息
使公布為附條件之免責特殊權利之場合
為，情勢誘使(一般人)正確或合理相信
(a) 有影響充份重要之公眾利益之消息；並
且
(b) 為公眾利益，應將誹謗性事項傳遞於公
務員，或將誹謗性事項傳遞於經授權或
有免責特殊權利之人於該誹謗事項為真
實者，得採取行動。
§ 598A. Inferior State Officers
An occasion makes a publication conditionally privileged if an
inferior administrative officer of a state or any of its subdivisions who
is not entitled to an absolute privilege makes a defamatory
communication required or permitted in the performance of his
official duties.
第598A條 各州基層公務員
使公布為附條件之免責特殊權利之場合
為，州之基層公務員或州之下及機構之公務
員未享受絕對免責之特殊權利，但於行使其
職務之必要獲許可而作誹謗性傳遞訊息。
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