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說明何謂：
1. Law of Nature
2. Universal Law
3. Divine Law
4. Legal Norm
並論證之。
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Acknowledgement:
1. Zinet Agency
2. www.catholic.org
3. www.squidoo.com
4. www.dictionary.com
5. www.wikipedia.com
6. www.catholicencyclopedia.com
7. www.metaphysicalrevelation.com
8. www.scribd.com
9. www.iep.utm.edu
10. http://plato.stanford.edu
11. www.jewishvirtuallibrary.com
12. 【近世中國佛教思想史論】，陳永革，宗教文化出版社，2012
13. 【海外宣教】雙月刊，2013 / 3、4月份
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何謂論證 (argument)？
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St. Thomas Aquinas (1225~1274),【Summa Theologica】：
1. What, Why, and Why Not?
2. How different?
3. And then?
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Law of Nature (自然法則)
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A. What is axiom?
An axiom, or postulate, is a premise or starting point of reasoning. As classically conceived, an axiom is a premise so evident as to be accepted as true without controversy. The word comes from the Greek ἀξίωμα (āxīoma) 'that which is thought worthy or fit' or 'that which commends itself as evident.'
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1. modern logic
2. mathematics
3. natural science
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Law of Nature retains essence of Moral Law
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B. What is maxim?
Maxims are understood as a subjective principle of action. An act is called moral if it has a certain universal value. In Immanuel Kant's categorical imperative, for instance, the maxim is combined with a certain intention to become moral. The moral intent is that one can, at the same time, will the subjective principle of action to become a universal law.
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"Act only according to the maxim whereby you can, at the same time, it should become a universal law." ~ Immanuel Kant (1724-1804)
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Universal Law (自然法則、普世法則)
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Law of Nature = Universal Law?
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Universal law or Universal Principle refers as concepts of legal legitimacy actions, whereby those principles and rules for governing human beings' conduct which are the most self-evident in their acceptability, their applicability, translation, and philosophical basis, are therefore considered to be the most legitimate.
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Law of Nature = Natural Law (自然法)？
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According to E. Bodenheimer, 【Jurisprudence】Ch2, 1996：
0. Right or Wrong = Moral Law (lex aeterna + lex humana)
a. discrimination
b. binding
c. manifestation
1. social practice
2. evolution
3. religion
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The natural law is ‘nothing else than the rational creature's participation in the eternal law.’ ~ St. T. Aquinas, I-II, Q. xciv
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Divine Law (神聖法、神授法、神啟法)
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Divine law is any law that comes directly from the Will of God, in contrast to man-made law. ~ J. H. Blunt, 【Dictionary of Doctrines and History Theology; 1872】
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神存在嗎？
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變動 (muta)
因果 (causalitate)
機率 (contingentia)
等級 (gradu)
目的 (ut)
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佛是不是神？
淺談自力信仰與他力信仰
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佛教教義，博大精深，據統計，佛教遺留下來的佛經，其有3053部，11970卷。但未有確信之出處引證與歷史證據之經卷居多。姑以佛祖在世弘法時之記載為主，共分四個階段：
（一）華嚴期：21天，以「華嚴經」為代表
（二）阿含期：10年，以「阿含經」為代表
（三）維摩及勝鬘(ㄇㄢˊ)期：8年，以「維摩」及「勝鬘經」為代表
（四）般若期：22年，屬「大般若經」時期，以「般若部」說經時間最長，亦最具代表性。
「大般若經」多達六百部，其精髓卻在一篇260多字的「般若心經」之內。因此被喻為領悟「般若經」的簡易法門，亦為領悟佛法的心法所在。
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「我不是要從佛教改信基督教，因為宗教不能救人。如果是從一個宗教換到另一個宗教，那大可不必，因為佛教已是世界上最好的宗教。」 ~ 龜谷凌雲，淨土真宗中興之祖蓮如上人第十八代子孫 (1888-1973)，【從佛教到基督】
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「我不輕視佛教，然而卻相信佛教的目的已很完全地在基督裏中達到了。就如太陽既已出來，便不需其它的燈光了。」
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It always remains a scandal of philosophy and universal human reason that the existence of things outside us ... should have to be assumed merely on faith, and that if it occurs to anyone to doubt it, we should be unable to answer him with a satisfactory proof. ~ Immanuel Kant,【Critique of Practical Reason】
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Wenn man wirklich ein moralische waere, habe ich die Existenz Gottes angenom’n, vorausgesetzt, dass nach dem Ende des Lebens nicht alles vorbei sein wuerde. ~【Critique of Judgement】
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The position of Divine Law
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神 > 宇宙萬物 [人] > 認知 = [物]+[理性思維] = Divine Law、佛法...
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The Content of Divine Law
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1. It is independent of the will of Man, who cannot change it.
2. It is about being divine.
3. It is of Covenant.
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Covenant > Agreement (Treaty) > Contract > Deal
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Moral Aspect of Divine Law:
Old Law = Doctrines
New Law = Redemption
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Induction and Reasoning
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Divine Laws amalgamate and ‘verdeontiert’ Moral Laws
Natural Laws epistemise Moral Laws
Natural Law renders Divine Law
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Natural Law = Eternal Law (Divine Law + Universal Law/Law of Nature) + Human Law
自然法 = 永恆法 (神啟法之一部或全部 + 自然法則之一部) + 人法
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The Definition of Legal Norm
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Why Legal ‘Norm’?
Why not ‘Standard’ or ‘Criterion’?
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norm:
an average level of achievement or performance, as of a group or person; or,
a standard of achievement or behavior that is required, desired, or designated as normal
standard:
an acknowledged measure of comparison for quantitative or qualitative value; or,
an object that under specified conditions defines, represents, or records the magnitude of a unit
criterion:
a standard for judgment and decision
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Legal Norm = Compilation of potentiality of Law of Nature, Natural Law, Divine Law, or Moral Law
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