Topic 2. Causal Relation Affecting The Extent Of Liability
But Not Its Existence
§ 454. General Principle
The rules stated in §§ 430-453 as determining the causal relation
necessary to liability are as fully applicable to establish the extent of
liability as to establish its existence.
第二節 影響責任程度，但非其責任成立
(存在)之因果關係
第454條 一般原則
第430條至第453條所規定有關責任之必要
因果關係之規則，於決定責任程度，亦應有
如決定其責任存在，而完全適用。
§ 455. Acts Done During Insanity Caused By Negligent
Conduct
If the actor's negligent conduct so brings about the delirium or
insanity of another as to make the actor liable for it, the actor is also
liable for harm done by the other to himself while delirious or insane,
if his delirium or insanity
(a) prevents him from realizing the nature of his act and the certainty
or risk of harm involved therein, or
第455條 因過失行為而致精神喪失時所
為之行為
行為人之過失行為致他人精神錯亂或精神
喪失，行為人應就此種精神錯亂或精神喪失
而負責者，於下列情形，行為人就該他人於
精神錯亂或精神喪失時致該他人自己受傷
害，亦應負責任：
(a) 精神錯亂或精神喪失致使其無法認知其
行為之本質、所牽涉之傷害之確定性與
(b) makes it impossible for him to resist an impulse caused by his
insanity which deprives him of his capacity to govern his conduct
in accordance with reason.
傷害之危險性；或
(b) 精神錯亂或精神喪失致無法依理性而行
為，使其無法抗拒因精神喪失所致之衝
動。
§ 456. Emotional Disturbance Resulting From An
Actionable Injury Or The Conduct Which Caused It
If the actor's negligent conduct has so caused any bodily harm to
another as to make him liable for it, the actor is also subject to liability
for
(a) fright, shock, or other emotional disturbance resulting from the
bodily harm or from the conduct which causes it, and
(b) further bodily harm resulting from such emotional disturbance.
第456條 因得訴請救濟之侵犯或致該侵
犯之行為而致之精神痛苦
行為人之過失行為致他人受身體傷害，且行
為人因而須就該身體傷害負責者，行為人亦
應就下列之情形而負責：
(a) 因該身體傷害或致身體傷害之行為而發
生之驚嚇、震撼或其他精神痛苦；以及
(b) 因前款之精神痛苦而致之另外之身體傷
害。
§ 457. Additional Harm Resulting From Efforts To Mitigate
Harm Caused By Negligence
If the negligent actor is liable for another's bodily injury, he is also
subject to liability for any additional bodily harm resulting from
normal efforts of third persons in rendering aid which the other's
injury reasonably requires, irrespective of whether such acts are done
in a proper or a negligent manner.
第457條 為減免因過失所致之傷害之努
力而致之另外傷害
過失行為人就他人之身體傷害應負責者，第
三人提供該他人受侵害之合理需要之協助
之通常努力而致之另外傷害，不論第三人之
行為係以適當或過失方式為之，行為人亦應
對之負責。
§ 458. Disease Contracted Because Of Lowered Vitality
If the negligent actor is liable for another's injury which so lowers the
other's vitality as to render him peculiarly susceptible to a disease, the
actor is also liable for the disease which is contracted because of the
lowered vitality.
第458條 因較低活力而感染疾病
過失行為人就他人之受侵害應負責任，如該
侵害使該他人之活力減少致易受疾病感
染，因較低活力而該他人受疾病感染時，行
為人應負責任。
§ 459. Actor's Negligence Causing Peculiar Susceptibility
To Later Harm
[The Section is omitted. The matter is now covered by § 460.]
第459條 行為之過失致易於受其後傷害
【本條刪除；有關事項規定於第460條】
§ 460. Subsequent Accidents Due To Impaired Physical
Condition Caused By Negligence
If the negligent actor is liable for an injury which impairs the physical
condition of another's body, the actor is also liable for harm sustained
in a subsequent accident which would not have occurred had the
other's condition not been impaired, and which is a normal
consequence of such impairment.
第460條 因過失所致之實體情況之損害
而發生其後意外事故
過失行為人就致他人身體之實體情況受損
害之侵害，應負責任者，對於其後之意外而
致傷害，如該他人之身體未受傷害該意外不
致發生，且該意外為身體受此種傷害之通常
後果時，行為人就該(其後之意外而致)傷
害，亦應負責任。
§ 461. Harm Increased In Extent By Other's Unforeseeable
Physical Condition
The negligent actor is subject to liability for harm to another although
a physical condition of the other which is neither known nor should be
known to the actor makes the injury greater than that which the actor
as a reasonable man should have foreseen as a probable result of his
conduct.
第461條 因他人之不可預見之實體情況
而增加傷害之程度
過失行為人既未知悉，亦非應知悉他人之身
體情況，致其傷害較行為人以合理人所預期
之可能結果更為嚴重者，行為人就該他人之
傷害應負責任。
Topic 3. Causal Relation Necessary To Make Actor's
Conduct Contributory Negligence
§ 462. Applicability Of Rules Determining Liability For
Harm To Another
[The Section is omitted. The matter is now covered by § 465.]
第三節 行為人之行為與有過失所必要
之因果關係
第462條 決定致他人受傷害之法律規則
之準用性
【本條刪除；有關事項規定於第465條】
Chapter 17. Contributory Negligence
Topic 1. General Principles
§ 463. Contributory Negligence Defined
Contributory negligence is conduct on the part of the plaintiff which
falls below the standard to which he should conform for his own
protection, and which is a legally contributing cause co-operating with
the negligence of the defendant in bringing about the plaintiff's harm.
第十七章 與有過失
第一節 一般原則
第463條 與有過失之定義
與有過失，係指原告之行為低於為保護自己
應遵守之標準，且該行為係與被告之過失共
同致原告受傷害之協助原因。
§ 464. Standard Of Conduct Defined
(1)Unless the actor is a child or an insane person, the standard of
conduct to which he must conform for his own protection is that of
a reasonable man under like circumstances.
(2)The standard of conduct to which a child must conform for his
own protection is that of a reasonable person of like age,
intelligence, and experience under like circumstances.
第464條 行為標準之定義
(1)除非行為人係未成年人或精神喪失之
人，為保護自己所應遵守之行為標準
為，合理人於同樣情況下所應遵守之標
準。
(2)未成年人為保護自己所應遵守之行為標
準為，合理人於同樣年齡、智慧及經驗
於同樣情況下，所應遵守之標準。
§ 465. Causal Relation Between Harm And Plaintiff's
Negligence
(1)The plaintiff's negligence is a legally contributing cause of his
harm if, but only if, it is a substantial factor in bringing about his
harm and there is no rule restricting his responsibility for it.
(2)The rules which determine the causal relation between the
plaintiff's negligent conduct and the harm resulting to him are the
same as those determining the causal relation between the
第465條 傷害與原告過失間之因果關係
(1)如原告之過失為，但也僅於原告之過失
為，致原告受傷害之重大因素，且無限
制其就該傷害應負責任之法律規定時，
原告之過失行為為致其受傷害之法律上
協助原因。
(2)決定原告之過失行為與致原告受傷害之
因果關係，係依同樣之法律規則。
defendant's negligent conduct and resulting harm to others.
§ 466. Types Of Contributory Negligence
The plaintiff's contributory negligence may be either
(a) an intentional and unreasonable exposure of himself to danger
created by the defendant's negligence, of which danger the
plaintiff knows or has reason to know, or
(b) conduct which, in respects other than those stated in Clause (a),
falls short of the standard to which the reasonable man should
conform in order to protect himself from harm.
第466條 與有過失之態樣
原告之與有過失，可能為下列兩種之一：
(a) (原告)故意、不合理之暴露於被告之過失
所形成之危難，而該危難原告知悉或有
理由知悉；或
(b) 除(a)款規定外，(原告)行為低於合理人為
保護自己免受傷害所應遵守之標準。
Topic 2. When Bar To Action
§ 467. Bar Against Negligent Defendant
Except where the defendant has the last clear chance, the plaintiff's
contributory negligence bars recovery against a defendant whose
negligent conduct would otherwise make him liable to the plaintiff for
the harm sustained by him.
第二節 原告之與有過失而阻礙原告之
請求賠償訴訟
第467條 阻礙向有過失之被告請求賠償
除非被告有最後清楚機會，原告之與有過失
阻礙其向被告請求被告對之應負責任之傷
害之賠償。
§ 468. Harm Not Resulting From Hazard Which Makes
Plaintiff's Conduct Negligent
The fact that the plaintiff has failed to exercise reasonable care for his
own safety does not bar his recovery unless his harm results from one
of the hazards which make his conduct negligent.
第468條 傷害非因使原告之行為有過失
之危險而致者
原告怠於行使合理注意以保護自己安全，並
未因而阻礙其請求賠償，但其傷害係因使原
告行為有過失之危難而致者，不在此限。
§ 469. Violation Of Legislation Or Regulation
(1)The plaintiff's unexcused violation of a legislative enactment or an
administrative regulation which defines a standard of conduct for
his own protection is contributory negligence in itself if it is a
legally contributing cause of his harm.
(2)The rules which determine whether such an enactment or
regulation defines a standard of conduct for the protection of the
plaintiff, and when the violation will be excused, are the same as
those applicable to the defendant.
第469條 成文法或行政規範之違反
(1)原告不得免責之違反，規定原告為保護
自己之行為標準之成文法或行政規範，
如為致原告傷害之法律上協助原因者，
原告為與有過失。
(2)有關決定成文法或行政規範是否就保護
原告而作行為標準之定義，及(原告之)
違反是否得免責之法律規則，與適用於
被告之法律規則相同。
§ 470. Conduct In Emergency
(1)In determining whether the plaintiff's conduct is contributory
negligence, the fact that he is confronted with a sudden emergency
which requires rapid decision is a factor in determining whether
his conduct is reasonable.
(2)The fact that the plaintiff is not negligent after the emergency has
arisen does not preclude his prior contributory negligence from
第470條 緊急情況之行為
(1)於決定原告之行為是否與有過失，原告
之遭受突然緊急情況須作快速決定，為
決定其行為是否合理之因素。
(2)原告於緊急情況後無過失之事實，其不
因而排除原告之先前與有過失之阻礙其
barring his recovery. 請求賠償。
§ 471. Effect Of Risk To Third Person
In determining whether the conduct of a plaintiff amounts to
contributory negligence, the fact that his only alternative is a course of
conduct which involves a risk of harm to a third person is a factor to
be considered.
第471條 致第三人(受傷害)危險之效力
原告之唯一替代方式為致第三人受傷害危
險之行為者，為決定原告之行為是否與有過
失之應考慮因素。
§ 472. Danger Encountered In Effort To Save Person Or
Property
It is not contributory negligence for a plaintiff to expose himself to
danger in an effort to save himself or a third person, or the land or
chattels of the plaintiff or a third person, from harm, unless the effort
itself is an unreasonable one, or the plaintiff acts unreasonably in the
course of it.
第472條 為保護人或財產而致之危難
為避免原告、第三人或原告，第三人之土地
或動產受傷害之努力，而使原告暴露於危難
者，並非原告與有過失。但努力本身係不合
理，或原告於其行為過程為不合理者，不在
此限。
§ 473. Danger Encountered In Exercise Of Right Or
Privilege
If the defendant's negligence has made the plaintiff's exercise of a
right or privilege impossible unless he exposes himself to a risk of
bodily harm, the plaintiff is not guilty of contributory negligence in so
doing unless he acts unreasonably.
第473條 行使權利或免責之特殊權利而
致之危難
被告之過失致原告除非暴露自己於受身體
傷害之危險，其行使權利或免責之特殊權利
不可能者，原告之行使權利或免責特殊權利
(致自己受傷害)，非與有過失；但其行為(行
使權利或免責特殊權利之行為)不合理時，
不在此限。
§ 474. Failure To Discover Condition Of Highway
If the defendant negligently puts or maintains a highway in a
condition dangerous for travel, a traveler who is injured by such
condition is barred from recovery by his failure to exercise reasonable
care to discover the condition of the highway.
第474條 怠於發現公路之情況
被告之過失致公路有危害於行駛之情況
者，旅客如怠於行使合理注意以發現公路之
情況，就其因此種情況而受傷害，不得請求
賠償。
§ 475. How Standard Of Conduct Is Determined
The standard of conduct of a reasonable man to which the plaintiff
must conform for his own protection may be
(a) established by a legislative enactment or an administrative
regulation which so provides, or
(b) adopted by the court from a legislative enactment or an
administrative regulation which does not so provide, or
(c) established by judicial decision, or
(d) applied to the facts of the case by the trial judge or the jury if there
is no such enactment, regulation, or decision.
第475條 如何決定行為之標準
原告為保護自己所應遵守之合理人之行為
標準，得依下列方式決定：
(a) 立法機關制定之法律或行政機關所頒布
之規範所規定之行為標準；或
(b) 立法機關所制定之法律或行政機關所頒
布之規範雖未就原告之行為標準有所規
定，但法院採納該法律或規範之要件為
(原告之)行為標準；或
(c) 司法判決所樹立之原告之行為標準；或
(d) 未經立法機關之法律或行政機關之規範
而有所規定，亦無法院之判決決定時，
事實審法官或陪審團適用於該案件事實
之標準。
§ 476. Functions Of Court And Jury
The respective functions of court and jury in determining the
plaintiff's negligence and the existence of the causal relation between
it and the harm necessary to bar recovery are the same as in
determining the negligence of an actor's conduct toward another and
the causal relation necessary to make him liable for a harm which
such other has sustained.
第476條 法院與陪審團之功能
法院與陪審團之功能，就決定原告之過失、
原告過失與受傷害為阻礙請求賠償所必要
因果關係之存在、與決定行為人之過失及致
被告須就他人之受傷害負責所必要之因果
關係，有相同之功能。
§ 477. Burden Of Proving Contributory Negligence
The burden of establishing the plaintiff's contributory negligence rests
upon the defendant.
第477條 與有過失之舉證責任
原告之與有過失，應由被告負舉證責任。
§ 478. Time Of Plaintiff's Negligence In Relation To That
Of Defendant
Except where the defendant has the last clear chance, the plaintiff's
contributory negligence bars his recovery, whether it is antecedent or
subsequent to that of the defendant, or simultaneous with it.
第478條 原告之過失行為時間與被告過
失行為時間之關係
除非被告有最後明確機會，不論原告之與有
過失係於被告之過失之前、之後或同時發
生，阻礙原告之請求賠償。
Topic 3. When No Bar To Action
§ 479. Last Clear Chance: Helpless Plaintiff
A plaintiff who has negligently subjected himself to a risk of harm
from the defendant's subsequent negligence may recover for harm
caused thereby if, immediately preceding the harm,
(a) the plaintiff is unable to avoid it by the exercise of reasonable
vigilance and care, and
(b) the defendant is negligent in failing to utilize with reasonable care
and competence his then existing opportunity to avoid the harm,
when he
(i) knows of the plaintiff's situation and realizes or has reason to
realize the peril involved in it or
(ii)would discover the situation and thus have reason to realize the
peril, if he were to exercise the vigilance which it is then his
duty to the plaintiff to exercise.
第三節 原告之與有過失未阻礙原告之
請求賠償訴訟
第479條 最後明確機會：無自主力之原
告
原告之過失行為使其自身處與受被告之其
後過失所形成之傷害之危險；如於該傷害之
前，有下列之情形，原告得就因而所致之傷
害，請求賠償：
(a) 原告之行使合理之勸勉與注意，無法避
免該傷害；並且
(b) 當被告
(i) 知悉原告之情勢，且認知或有理由認
知其所牽涉之危難或
(ii) 行使其對原告應負責之勸勉，將發現
原告之情勢，而有理由認知其牽涉之
危難。
而被告卻有過失，怠於以合理注意及能力，
運用其存在之機會，避免該傷害。
§ 480. Last Clear Chance: Inattentive Plaintiff
A plaintiff who, by the exercise of reasonable vigilance, could
第480條 最後明確機會：疏忽之原告
原告行使合理之勸勉，(原)得及時發現被告
discover the danger created by the defendant's negligence in time to
avoid the harm to him, can recover if, but only if, the defendant
(a) knows of the plaintiff's situation, and
(b) realizes or has reason to realize that the plaintiff is inattentive and
therefore unlikely to discover his peril in time to avoid the harm,
and
(c) thereafter is negligent in failing to utilize with reasonable care and
competence his then existing opportunity to avoid the harm.
之過失所形成之危難而避免受傷害，如符合
下列規定，但也僅於符合下列規定時，原告
仍得請求賠償：
(a) 被告知悉原告之情勢；並且
(b) 被告認知或有理由認知原告之疏忽，且
因而不甚可能及時發現其所遭受之危難
而避免該傷害；並且
(c) 被告其後過失怠於行使合理注意及能
力，以利用其時存在之機會避免該傷害。
§ 481. Intentional Injury
The plaintiff's contributory negligence does not bar recovery against a
defendant for a harm caused by conduct of the defendant which is
wrongful because it is intended to cause harm to some legally
protected interest of the plaintiff or a third person.
第481條 故意之侵害
被告意圖致原告或第三人之法律上保護利
益受傷害，而被告之行為致原告受傷害者，
原告之與有過失，不因而阻礙其向被告請求
賠償。
§ 482. Reckless Conduct
(1)Except as stated in Subsection (2), a plaintiff's contributory
negligence does not bar recovery for harm caused by the
defendant's reckless disregard for the plaintiff's safety.
(2)A plaintiff whose conduct is in reckless disregard of his own
safety is barred from recovery against a defendant whose reckless
disregard of the plaintiff's safety is a legal cause of the plaintiff's
harm.
第482條 魯莽棄置不顧之行為
(1)除本條第2項規定外，傷害係因被告之魯
莽棄置原告之安全不顧而致者，原告之
與有過失，不因而阻礙其向被告請求賠
償。
(2)被告之魯莽棄置原告之安全不顧為原告
受傷害之法律原因，但如原告之行為魯
莽棄置自己之安全不顧者，阻礙原告向
被告請求賠償。
§ 483. Defense To Violation Of Statute
The plaintiff's contributory negligence bars his recovery for the
negligence of the defendant consisting of the violation of a statute,
unless the effect of the statute is to place the entire responsibility for
such harm as has occurred upon the defendant.
第483條 違反成文法之抗辯
原告之與有過失，阻礙原告向被告請求其因
違反成文法而有過失之賠償。但成文法之效
力乃在於使所發生之傷害由被告負全部責
任者，不在此限。
§ 484. Harm For Which There Is Strict Liability
(1)Except as stated in Subsection (2), the contributory negligence of
the plaintiff is not a defense to the strict liability of the possessor
of an animal, or of one who carries on an abnormally dangerous
activity.
(2)The plaintiff's contributory negligence in voluntarily and
unreasonably subjecting himself to the risk of harm from the
animal or the activity is a defense to such strict liability.
第484條 就傷害應負嚴格責任
(1)除本條第2項規定外，動物占有人或從事
不尋常危險活動之人應負嚴格責任者，
不得以原告之與有過失作為其應負責任
之抗辯。
(2)原告之與有過失，使其自身自願地、無
理由地置於受(前項之)動物或活動之傷
害之危險者，其與有過失，被告得作為
其應負責任之抗辯。
Topic 4. Contributory Negligence Of Third Persons;
Imputed Negligence
第四節 第三人之與有過失；受歸咎之過失
§ 485. Imputed Negligence: General Principle
Except as stated in §§ 486, 491, and 494, a plaintiff is not barred from
recovery by the negligent act or omission of a third person.
第485條 受歸咎之過失，一般原則
除第486條、第491條及第494條規定外，原
告之賠償請求權，不因第三人之作為過失或
不作為過失而受阻礙。
§ 486. Master And Servant
A master is barred from recovery against a negligent defendant by the
negligence of his servant acting within the scope of his employment.
第486條 僱用人與受僱人
僱用人向有過失之被告請求賠償，因其受僱
人於僱傭職務範圍內之過失而受阻礙。
§ 487. Husband And Wife
The negligence of husband or wife does not bar the other spouse from
recovery for his or her own physical harm.
第487條 夫與妻
夫或妻之過失，不阻礙另一配偶就其受實體
傷害而向他人請求賠償。
§ 488. Parent And Child
(1)A child who suffers physical harm is not barred from recovery by
the negligence of his parent, either in the parent's custody of the
child or otherwise.
(2)A parent who suffers physical harm is likewise not barred from
recovery by the negligence of his child.
第488條 父母與未成年子女
(1)未成年人受實體傷害而向他人請求賠
償，不因其父母(不論是否為其監護人)
之過失而受阻礙。
(2)父母實體傷害而向他人請求賠償，亦不
因其未成年子女之過失而受阻礙。
§ 489. Bailees
The negligence of a bailee of a chattel does not bar the bailor from
recovery for harm to the chattel or himself.
第489條 受寄人
動產寄託人因寄託物或自己受傷而向他人
請求賠償，不因受寄人之過失而受阻礙。
§ 490. Passenger Or Guest In Vehicle
A passenger or guest in a vehicle is not barred from recovery for harm
resulting from the negligence of a third person by the negligence of
his carrier or host.
第490條 車內之旅客或無償乘客
車內之旅客或無償乘客因第三人之過失所
致傷害之請求該第三人賠償，不因其運送人
或主人之(與以)過失而受阻礙。
§ 491. Joint Enterprise
(1)Any one of several persons engaged in a joint enterprise, such as
to make each member of the group responsible for physical harm
to other persons caused by the negligence of any member, is
barred from recovery against such other persons by the negligence
of any member of the group.
(2)Any person engaged in such a joint enterprise is not barred from
recovery against the member of the group who is negligent, but is
barred from recovery against any other member of the group.
第491條 短暫之合夥
(1)數人短暫合夥經營事業，而合夥團體中
之一人就其中任何人之過失致他人受實
體傷害，應負責者，團體之一人對於此
種他人中之一人或數人就其所受傷害請
求賠償時，因團體之其他人之過失而受
阻礙。
(2)數人短暫合夥經營事業，團體中之一人
向團體中之其他人請求賠償，不因該受
請求人之過失而受阻礙，但對其他無過
失之團體組成份子之請求賠償，則受阻
礙。
§ 492. Nominal Plaintiff
Where the person entitled to the damages which are recoverable in an
action against a negligent defendant is required to bring an action in
the name of or in conjunction with another, the negligence of such
other is not a bar to recovery.
第492條 名義上之原告
有賠償請求權之人向有過失之被告提起訴
訟時，須以他人之名義提起訴訟或須與他人
共同提起時，讓他人之過失，非賠償之阻
礙。
§ 493. Beneficiary Under A Death Statute
(1)Unless otherwise provided by statute the contributory negligence
of one beneficiary under a death statute does not bar recovery for
the benefit of any other beneficiary.
(2)Whether the contributory negligence of a beneficiary under a
death statute bars or reduces recovery to the extent of his own
benefit depends upon the statute.
第493條 有關死亡之成文法所規定之受
益人
(1)除非成文法有其他規定，有關死亡之成
文法之一受益人為與有過失，不因而阻
礙為其他受益人之利益之請求賠償。
(2)受益人之與有過失，究係阻礙其請求賠
償，或於該受益人之利益範圍內減少，
應依成文法之規定。
§ 494. Negligence Of Person For Whose Death Or Loss Of
Services Action Is Brought
The plaintiff is barred from recovery for an invasion of his legally
protected interest in the health or life of a third person which results
from the harm or death of such third person, if the negligence of such
third person would have barred his own recovery.
第494條 因其死亡或喪失勞務提供而提
起訴訟，而該人有過失
原告為其於第三人之健康或生存之法律保
護利益，因該第三人受傷害或死亡所受侵害
而提起賠償訴訟，如該第三人之過失，原即
阻礙其自己提起賠償訴訟者，原告之請求賠
償，亦因而受阻礙。
§ 494A. Negligence Of Other Parent In Action For Loss Of
Services
The negligence of one parent does not bar recovery by the other
parent for loss of the services of their child, or for medical expenses
incurred in caring for him.
第494A條 因喪失(未成年子女之)勞務
提供而提起訴訟，而另一父或母有過失
父或母因喪失其未成年子女之勞務提供或
照顧該未成年子女而支出之醫療費用，而請
求賠償者，不因另一父或母之過失而受阻
礙。
Topic 5. Failure To Control Conduct Of Third Persons
§ 495. Failure To Control Negligent Third Person
A plaintiff is barred from recovery if the negligence of a third person
is a legally contributing cause of his harm, and the plaintiff has been
negligent in failing to control the conduct of such person.
第五節 怠於監督第三人之行為
第495條 怠於監督第三人之(過失)行為
第三人之過失係致原告受傷害之法律上協
助原因，且原告有過去怠於監督該第三人之
行為者，原告之請求賠償，因而受阻礙。
§ 496. Failure Of Parent To Control Child 第496條 父母之怠於監督未成年子女
A parent is barred from recovery for harm to his legally protected
interest in the services of his child if
(a) the child is so young as to be incapable of effectively exercising
self-protective care, and
(b) the child's incapacity is a contributory factor in bringing about the
harm or death, and
(c) the parent has failed to exercise reasonable care to prevent the
child from placing itself in a situation in which its lack of
self-protective capacity may reasonably be expected to result in
harm to it.
父或母因其法律上保護未成年子女提供勞
務之利益受到損害而請求賠償時，符合下列
規定者，其請求賠償因而受阻：
(a) 未成年子女之年紀太小，致未能有效行
使自行保護之注意；並且
(b) 未成年子女之無能力為致傷害或死亡之
協助因素；並且
(c) 父或母怠於行使合理注意，以避免該未
成年子女置於因其缺乏自我保護能力，
得合理地預期受傷害。
Chapter 17A. Assumption Of Risk
§ 496A. General Principle
A plaintiff who voluntarily assumes a risk of harm arising from the
negligent or reckless conduct of the defendant cannot recover for such
harm.
第十七A章 危險之(自願)承擔
第496A條 一般原則
原告就被告之過失或魯莽棄置不顧行為而
致傷害之危險自願承擔者，不得就該傷害請
求賠償。
§ 496B. Express Assumption Of Risk
A plaintiff who by contract or otherwise expressly agrees to accept a
risk of harm arising from the defendant's negligent or reckless conduct
cannot recover for such harm, unless the agreement is invalid as
contrary to public policy.
第496B條 明示之危險承擔
就被告之過失或魯莽棄置不顧行為而致傷
害之危險，原告以行為或其他方式，明示同
意接受者，除非該同意之約定違反公共政策
而無效，不得就該傷害請求賠償。
§ 496C. Implied Assumption Of Risk
(1)Except as stated in Subsection (2), a plaintiff who fully
understands a risk of harm to himself or his things caused by the
defendant's conduct or by the condition of the defendant's land or
chattels, and who nevertheless voluntarily chooses to enter or
remain, or to permit his things to enter or remain within the area of
that risk, under circumstances that manifest his willingness to
accept it, is not entitled to recover for harm within that risk.
(2)The rule stated in Subsection (1) does not apply in any situation in
which an express agreement to accept the risk would be invalid as
contrary to public policy.
第496C條 默示之危險承擔
(1)除本條第2項規定外，原告完全瞭解因被
告之行為或被告之土地或動產之情況，
而致其自身或其物受傷害之危險，但原
告自願地選擇進入或停留，或准許其物
進入或停留於該危險地區，依其情形顯
示原告有接受該危險之意願者，原告就
該危險範圍所致之傷害，無請求賠償之
權利。
(2)前項所規定，於以明示約定接受危險將
因違反公共政策而無效之情勢，不得適
用。
§ 496D. Knowledge And Appreciation Of Risk
Except where he expressly so agrees, a plaintiff does not assume a
risk of harm arising from the defendant's conduct unless he then
knows of the existence of the risk and appreciates its unreasonable
character.
第496D條 知悉或鑑識危險
除非原告明示同意，原告就被告之行為而致
傷害之危險，如非於其時知悉該危險之存
在，且鑑識其不合理性質，原告未承擔該危
險。
§ 496E. Necessity Of Voluntary Assumption
(1)A plaintiff does not assume a risk of harm unless he voluntarily
accepts the risk.
(2)The plaintiff's acceptance of a risk is not voluntary if the
defendant's tortious conduct has left him no reasonable alternative
course of conduct in order to
(a) avert harm to himself or another, or
(b) exercise or protect a right or privilege of which the defendant
has no right to deprive him.
第496E條 自願承擔之必要
(1)原告如非自願地接受危險，即非承擔危
險。
(2)如被告之侵權行為致原告無合理之替代
行為方式，以便
(a) 保護(原告)自己或他人而避免傷
害；或
(b) 行使或保護被告無權剝奪之權利或
免責特殊權利；
則原告非自願承擔危險。
§ 496F. Violation Of Statute
The plaintiff's assumption of risk bars his recovery for the defendant's
violation of a statute, unless such a result would defeat a policy of the
statute to place the entire responsibility for such harm as has occurred
upon the defendant.
第496F條 成文法之違反
原告之承擔危險阻礙原告因被告之違反成
文法而作之請求賠償。但如此種結果將使成
文法之將該傷害之全部之責任置於被告之
政策無法達成者，不在此限。
§ 496G. Burden Of Proof
If the defendant would otherwise be subject to liability to the plaintiff,
the burden of proof of the plaintiff's assumption of risk is upon the
defendant.
第496G條 舉證責任
如被告原應對原告負責者，原告之承擔危險
之舉證責任，由被告為之。
Chapter 18. Negligent Invasions Of Interests In The
Physical Condition Of Land And Chattels
§ 497. What Constitutes Negligence
The rules which determine the negligence of conduct threatening
harm to another's interest in the physical condition of land and chattels
are the same as those which determine the negligence of conduct
which threatens bodily harm.
第十八章 土地及動產之實體情況利益
之過失侵犯
第497條 如何構成過失
決定致他人之土地及動產之實體情況利益
受傷害威脅之過失行為之法律規則，與決定
致身體受傷害威脅之過失行為之法律規則
相同。
§ 498. What Constitutes Contributory Negligence
The rules which determine whether a plaintiff's conduct amounts to
contributory negligence which will bar his recovery against a
negligent defendant for harm caused thereby to the physical condition
of the plaintiff's land or chattels are the same as those which
determine whether the plaintiff's conduct amounts to contributory
negligence barring his recovery for bodily harm caused to him by the
negligence of the defendant.
第498條 如何構成與有過失
決定就被告之過失行為致原告之土地或動
產之實體情況受傷害而原告之行為與有過
失，是否阻礙其向被告請求賠償之法律規
則，與就被告之過失行為致原告受身體傷害
而原告之行為與有過失，是否阻礙其向被告
請求賠償之法律規則相同。
§ 499. Necessary Causal Relation
The rules which determine the causal relation between conduct
第499條 必要因果關係
決定牽涉致他人之土地或動產之實體情況
involving an unreasonable risk of harm to the physical condition of
another's land or chattels which is necessary to make the actor liable
for such harm are the same as those which determine the causal
relation necessary to make an actor, who by his negligent conduct has
subjected himself to liability for the bodily harm of another, liable for
such harm.
受傷害之不合理危險與行為人之行為致此
種傷害之必要因果關係之法律規則，與決定
使行為人因其過失行為致他人受身體傷害
之因果關係之法律規則相同。
Chapter 19. Reckless Disregard Of Safety
§ 500. Reckless Disregard Of Safety Defined
The actor's conduct is in reckless disregard of the safety of another if
he does an act or intentionally fails to do an act which it is his duty to
the other to do, knowing or having reason to know of facts which
would lead a reasonable man to realize, not only that his conduct
creates an unreasonable risk of physical harm to another, but also that
such risk is substantially greater than that which is necessary to make
his conduct negligent.
第19章 魯莽棄置安全於不顧
第500條 魯莽棄置安全於不顧之定義
行為人作、或故意怠於作，其對他人有責任
應作為或不作為之行為，而知悉或有理由知
悉之事實將使合理人認知其行為不但有至
他人受實體傷害之不合理危險，而且該危險
較其行為構成過失時更重大者，其行為即為
魯莽棄置他人安全於不顧。
§ 501. Liability For Conduct In Reckless Disregard Of
Another's Safety
(1)Except as stated in Subsection (2) and in § 503, the rules which
determine the actor's liability to another for reckless disregard of
the other's safety are the same as those which determine his
liability for negligent misconduct.
(2)The fact that the actor's misconduct is in reckless disregard of
another's safety rather than merely negligent is a matter to be taken
into account in determining whether a jury may reasonably find
that the actor's conduct bears a sufficient causal relation to
another's harm to make the actor liable therefor.
第501條 魯莽棄置他人安全於不顧之行
為之責任
(1)除本條第2項及第503條規定外，決定行
為人魯莽棄置他人安全於不顧之行為之
責任之法律規則，與決定過失行為人之
過失不當行為之責任之法律規則相同。
(2)行為人之不當行為係魯莽棄置他人安全
於不顧之行為，而非僅為過失行為者，
為決定陪審團是否得合理地發現行為人
之行為有致他人受傷害之因果關係而使
行為人對之負責，所應列入考慮之因素。
§ 502. Reckless Disregard Of One's Own Safety
The factors which determine when the conduct of an actor is in
reckless disregard of another's safety are applicable to determine
whether the actor's conduct is in reckless disregard of his own safety.
第502條 魯莽棄置自己安全於不顧
決定行為人之行為是否魯莽棄置他人安全
於不顧之因素，於決定行為人之行為是否魯
莽棄置自己安全於不顧，亦有其適用。
§ 503. Plaintiff's Conduct
(1)A plaintiff's contributory negligence does not bar recovery for
harm caused by the defendant's reckless disregard for the
plaintiff's safety.
(2)Except as stated in Subsection (3), the rules which determine the
effect of the plaintiff's reckless disregard of his own safety are the
same as those which determine the effect of his contributory
negligence.
(3)A plaintiff whose conduct is in reckless disregard of his own
safety is barred from recovery against a defendant whose reckless
第503條 原告之行為
(1)原告之與有過失，不阻礙原告就被告之
魯莽棄置原告安全於不顧而致之傷害所
作之請求賠償。
(2)除本條第3項規定外，決定原告之魯莽棄
置自己安全於不顧之效力之法律規則，
與決定原告之與有過失之效力之法律規
則相同。
(3)原告之魯莽棄置自己安全於不顧，阻礙
原告就被告之魯莽棄置原告安全於不顧
disregard of the plaintiff's safety is a legal cause of the plaintiff's
harm.
(4)A plaintiff who assumes the risk arising from the defendant's
reckless disregard of his safety is barred from recovery for such
harm.
為致原告受傷害之法律原因所作之請求
賠償。
(4)原告承擔被告之魯莽棄置其安全於不顧
而生之危險者，阻礙原告就此種傷害之
請求賠償。
Division 3. Strict Liability
Chapter 20. Liability Of Possessors And Harborers Of
Animals
Topic 1. Trespass By Livestock
§ 504. Liability For Trespass By Livestock
(1)Except as stated in Subsections (3) and (4), a possessor of
livestock intruding upon the land of another is subject to liability
for the intrusion although he has exercised the utmost care to
prevent them from intruding.
(2)The liability stated in Subsection (1) extends to any harm to the
land or to its possessor or a member of his household, or their
chattels, which might reasonably be expected to result from the
intrusion of livestock.
(3)The liability stated in Subsection (1) does not extend to harm
(a) not reasonably to be expected from the intrusion;
(b) done by animals straying onto abutting land while driven on
the highway; or
(c) brought about by the unexpectable operation of a force of
nature, action of another animal or intentional, reckless or
negligent conduct of a third person.
(4)A possessor of land who fails to erect and maintain a fence
required by the applicable common law or by statute to prevent the
intrusion of livestock, can not recover under the rule stated in
Subsection (1).
第叁編 嚴格責任
第二十章 動產占有人即提供動物棲息
處所之人之責任
第一節 家禽、家畜之侵權行為
第504條家禽、家畜之侵權行為之責任
(1)除本條第3項及第4項規定外，家禽、家
畜之占有人就其家禽、家畜之侵入他人
土地，縱已盡最大注意防止其侵入，亦
須負責。
(2)前項之責任包括對於他人之土地、土地
占有人或土地占有人之家屬，或上述之
人之動產，因家禽、家畜之侵入得合理
預料之傷害。
(3)第1項之責任不包括下列之傷害：
(a) 就其侵入之非合理得預料之傷害
(b) 家禽、家畜於公路行走偏離進入鄰近
之土地而致之侵害。
(c) 因不可預料之自然力、其他動物之行
為或第三人之故意魯莽棄置不顧或
過失行為而使發生家禽、家畜所致之
傷害。
(4)依普通法或成文法規定應設置、維持欄
柵，以防止家禽、家畜侵入，而土地占
有人怠於設置、維持時，不得依第1 項
規定請求賠償。
§ 505. Livestock Straying While Driven On Highway
A possessor of livestock that are being driven upon an unrestricted
highway is subject to liability for their intrusion upon land abutting on
the highway if, but only if, he has failed to exercise reasonable care to
prevent them from straying or to remove them from the abutting lands
upon which they have strayed.
第505條 家禽、家畜於公路行走而偏離
家禽、家畜於未受限制公路行走而侵入毗鄰
公路之土地者，其占有人如未盡合理注意，
但也僅限於未盡合理注意，以防止家禽、家
畜之偏離而侵入，或已偏離侵入土地而未將
之移離者，就該家禽、家畜之侵入毗鄰公路
之土地，應負責任。
Topic 2. Harm Caused By Animals Otherwise Than By
Trespass By Livestock
§ 506. Wild Animal And Domestic Animal Defined
第二節 家禽、家畜之侵入行為以外之行
為所致之傷害
第506條 野獸與家禽、家畜之定義
(1)A wild animal as that term is used in this Restatement is an animal
that is not by custom devoted to the service of mankind at the time
and in the place in which it is kept.
(2)A domestic animal as that term is used in this Restatement is an
animal that is by custom devoted to the service of mankind at the
time and in the place in which it is kept.
(1)野獸於本整編，係指該動物之飼養地區
及餵養時期，依習慣並非為人類所助益
者。
(2)家禽、家畜於本整編，係指該動物之飼
養地區及餵養時期，依習慣係專為人類
之助益者。
§ 507. Liability Of Possessor Of Wild Animal
(1)A possessor of a wild animal is subject to liability to another for
harm done by the animal to the other, his person, land or chattels,
although the possessor has exercised the utmost care to confine the
animal, or otherwise prevent it from doing harm.
(2)This liability is limited to harm that results from a dangerous
propensity that is characteristic of wild animals of the particular
class, or of which the possessor knows or has reason to know.
第507條 野獸占有人之責任
(1)野獸占有人就野獸致他人身體、土地或
其他動產之傷害，縱然已盡最大注意監
盡該野獸或預防其傷害，仍應負責。
(2)前項之野獸占有人所應負責任者，僅限
於該類野獸所具有之特殊危險傾向所致
之傷害，或野獸占有人知悉或有理由知
悉之該野獸之獨有危險傾向所致之傷害
者。
§ 508. Harm Done By Indigenous Wild Animal After Its
Escape
A possessor of a wild animal indigenous to the locality in which it is
kept is not liable for harm done by it after it has gone out of his
possession and returned to its natural state as a wild animal
indigenous to the locality.
第508條 特定地區生長出沒之野獸脫離
其占有人之控制後所致之傷害
特定地區生長出沒之野獸之為人所占有，該
野獸脫離其占有，並回復為該特定地區之常
出沒之野獸之後，其所致之傷害，該占有人
不負責任。
§ 509. Harm Done By Abnormally Dangerous Domestic
Animals
(1)A possessor of a domestic animal that he knows or has reason to
know has dangerous propensities abnormal to its class, is subject
to liability for harm done by the animal to another, although he has
exercised the utmost care to prevent it from doing the harm.
(2)This liability is limited to harm that results from the abnormally
dangerous propensity of which the possessor knows or has reason
to know.
第509條 有不尋常危險之家禽、家畜所
致之傷害
(1)家禽、家畜之占有人知悉或有理由知悉
該家禽、家畜具有其同類動物所未具有
之不尋常危險傾向者，縱已盡最大注意
防止其傷害他人，就其傷害他人，應負
責任。
(2)前項責任僅限於占有人知悉或有理由知
悉該動物之不尋常危險傾向者而致之傷
害。
§ 510. Effect Of Contributing Actions Of Third Persons,
Animals And Forces Of Nature
The possessor of a wild animal or an abnormally dangerous domestic
animal is subject to strict liability for the resulting harm, although it
would not have occurred but for the unexpectable
(a) innocent, negligent or reckless conduct of a third person, or
(b) action of another animal, or
第510條 第三人、動物及自然力介入之
效力
野獸或有不尋常危險之家禽、家畜之占有
人，就其所致之傷害，縱然該危險原不致發
生，因不可預料之下列事由而發生者，亦應
負嚴格責任：
(a) 第三人之無過失、過失或魯莽棄置不顧
行物
(b) 其他動物之行為
(c) operation of a force of nature. (c) 自然力運作
§ 511. Liability To Trespassers
A possessor of land is not subject to strict liability to one who
intentionally or negligently trespasses upon the land, for harm done to
him by a wild animal or an abnormally dangerous domestic animal
that the possessor keeps on the land, even though the trespasser has no
reason to know that the animal is kept there.
第511條 土地占有人對侵入行為人之責
任
土地占有人就故意或過失侵入其土地，致受
土地占有人飼養、置放於其土地之野獸或有
不尋常危險之家禽、家畜之傷害，無須負嚴
格責任，縱然侵入行為人無理由知悉該動物
飼養、置放於其土地時，亦同。
§ 512. Liability To Trespassers For Negligence
The rules as to the liability of a possessor of land to a trespasser on the
land for the possessor's negligence in failing to prevent harm to the
trespasser from a wild animal or an abnormally dangerous domestic
animal kept on the land are the same as for other artificial conditions
or for activities on the land.
第512條 土地占有人之過失致侵入行為
人受傷害時之責任
土地占有人因過失致其土地上之野獸或有
不尋常危險之家禽、家畜傷害侵入行為人
時，所應負之責任，依土地占有人因過失致
其土地上之人為情況或土地上之活動致侵
入行為人受傷害時，所應負之責任之規定處
理。
§ 513. Liability To Licensees And Invitees
The possessor of a wild animal or an abnormally dangerous domestic
animal who keeps it upon land in his possession, is subject to strict
liability to persons coming upon the land in the exercise of a privilege
whether derived from his consent to their entry or otherwise.
第513條 對經許可之人及受邀人之責任
野獸或有不尋常危險之家禽、家畜之占有
人，將其至於其占有之土地，而傷害經其同
意或其他原因而有權利進入其土地者，應對
之負嚴格責任。
§ 514. Harborers Of Wild Animals Or Abnormally
Dangerous Domestic Animals
One who, although not in possession, harbors a wild animal or an
abnormally dangerous domestic animal, is subject to the same liability
as if he were in possession of it.
第514條 野獸或有不尋常危險之家禽、
家畜而提供棲息處所之人
雖未占有野獸或有不尋常危險之家禽、家
畜，但提供為其棲息場所者，就該動物所致
之傷害，應有如該動物之占有人而負責。
§ 515. Plaintiff's Conduct
(1)Except as stated in Subsection (2), the contributory negligence of
the plaintiff is not a defense to the strict liability of the possessor
of an animal.
(2)The plaintiff's contributory negligence in knowingly and
unreasonably subjecting himself to the risk that a wild animal or
an abnormally dangerous domestic animal will do harm to his
person, land or chattels, is a defense to the strict liability.
(3)The plaintiff's assumption of the risk of harm from the animal is a
defense to the strict liability.
第515條 原告之行為
(1)除本條第2項規定外，原告之與有過失，
動物占有人不得以之作為其應負嚴格責
任之抗辯。
(2)原告之與有過失係故意，且不合理地致
野獸或有不尋常危險之家禽、家畜傷害
其身體、土地、動產者，動產占有人得
以之作為其應負嚴格責任之抗辯。
(3)原告之自願承擔野獸或有不尋常危險之
家禽、家畜之危險者，動物占有人得以
之作為其應負嚴格責任之抗辯。
§ 516. Watchdogs
A possessor of land or chattels is privileged to employ a dog or other
animal, for the purpose of protecting his possession of land or chattels
from intrusion, to the same extent that he is privileged to use a
mechanical protective device for those purposes.
第516條 守望犬
土地或動產占有人，為防止其土地或動產受
侵犯。得於有如運用機械保護措施之範圍
內，運用狗或其他動物。
§ 517. Animals Kept In Pursuance Of A Public Duty
The rules as to strict liability for dangerous animals do not apply
when the possession of the animal is in pursuance of a duty imposed
upon the possessor as a public officer or employee or as a common
carrier.
第517條 因公共責任而持有之動物
危險動物之占有人應負嚴格責任之規定，於
動物占有人為公務員、公務受僱人或運送
人，為公共責任而占有動產者，不適用。
§ 518. Liability For Harm Done By Domestic Animals That
Are Not Abnormally Dangerous
Except for animal trespass, one who possesses or harbors a domestic
animal that he does not know or have reason to know to be
abnormally dangerous, is subject to liability for harm done by the
animal if, but only if,
(a) he intentionally causes the animal to do the harm, or
(b) he is negligent in failing to prevent the harm.
第518條 家禽、家畜之未具有不尋常危
險者所致傷害之責任
除動物有侵權行為外，占有家禽、家畜或提
供家禽、家畜棲息場所之人，不知悉或無理
由知悉該動物有不尋常危險，於下列情形但
也僅下列情形，就動物之傷害負責：
(a) 占有或提供家禽、家畜棲息場所之人，
故意至動物造成傷害
(b) 占有或提供家禽、家畜棲息場所之人，
過失怠於避免傷害
Chapter 21. Abnormally Dangerous Activities
§ 519. General Principle
(1)One who carries on an abnormally dangerous activity is subject to
liability for harm to the person, land or chattels of another
resulting from the activity, although he has exercised the utmost
care to prevent the harm.
(2)This strict liability is limited to the kind of harm, the possibility of
which makes the activity abnormally dangerous.
第二十一章 不尋常之危險活動
第519條 一般原則
(1)從事不尋常之危險活動者，因該活動致
他人身體、土地或財產受傷害者，縱已
盡最大注意防止傷害之發生，仍應負責。
(2)應負嚴格責任之範圍僅限於，該行為之
為不尋常之危險而致之傷害。
§ 520. Abnormally Dangerous Activities
In determining whether an activity is abnormally dangerous, the
following factors are to be considered:
(a) existence of a high degree of risk of some harm to the person, land
or chattels of others;
(b) likelihood that the harm that results from it will be great;
(c) inability to eliminate the risk by the exercise of reasonable care;
(d) extent to which the activity is not a matter of common usage;
(e) inappropriateness of the activity to the place where it is carried on;
and
第520條 不尋常之危險活動
於決定一活動是否為不尋常危險，下列因素
應加考慮：
(a) 致他人身體、土地或動產受某種之高度
危險；
(b) 因該危險而致傷害之可能性大；
(c) 合理注意無法檢免該危險；
(d) 該活動非為一般習慣活動之程度；
(e) 從事該活動之不適當性；
(f) extent to which its value to the community is outweighed by its
dangerous attributes.
(f) 該活動對社會價值與該活動對社會之危
害之不成比例之程度。
§ 520A. Ground Damage From Aircraft
If physical harm to land or to persons or chattels on the ground is
caused by the ascent, descent or flight of aircraft, or by the dropping
or falling of an object from the aircraft,
(a) the operator of the aircraft is subject to liability for the harm, even
though he has exercised the utmost care to prevent it, and
(b) the owner of the aircraft is subject to similar liability if he has
authorized or permitted the operation.
第520 A 條 航空器造成地面之侵害
航空器之起飛、下降、飛越或自飛行器投擲
或落下物體，致土地、土地上之人或動產受
實體傷害者，則
(a) 該航空器之操作人縱然已盡最大注意防
止其發生，仍應就該傷害負責。
(b) 航空器所有人就該航空器之操作授權或
准許者，亦應負相同責任。
§ 520B. Liability To Trespassers
A possessor of land is not subject to strict liability to one who
intentionally or negligently trespasses on the land for harm done to
him by an abnormally dangerous activity that the possessor carries on
upon the land, even though the trespasser has no reason to know that
the activity is conducted there.
第520 B 條 對於侵入土地之人受傷害
之責任
土地占有人就侵入其土地之人受其於土地
上從事之不尋常活動而致之傷害，縱然該侵
入其土地之人無理由知悉有不尋常之危險
活動於該土地上，亦無須負責任。
§ 520C. Liability To Licensees And Invitees
A possessor of land is subject to strict liability for harm resulting from
an abnormally dangerous activity that he carries on upon the land, to
persons coming upon the land in the exercise of a privilege, whether
derived from his consent or otherwise.
第520 C條 對經許可之人或受邀人受傷
害之責任
土地占有人就其土地所從事之活動，致經其
許可或其他原因而有權利進入其土地之人
受傷害者，應負嚴格責任。
§ 521. Abnormally Dangerous Activity Carried On In
Pursuance Of A Public Duty
The rules as to strict liability for abnormally dangerous activities do
not apply if the activity is carried on in pursuance of a public duty
imposed upon the actor as a public officer or employee or as a
common carrier.
第521條 執行公共責任而從事不尋常之
危險活動
不尋常之危險活動之行為人應負嚴格責任
之規定，於行為人為公務員、公務受僱人或
運送人為公共責任而從事者，不適用。
§ 522. Contributing Actions Of Third Persons, Animals And
Forces Of Nature
One carrying on an abnormally dangerous activity is subject to strict
liability for the resulting harm although it is caused by the
unexpectable
(a) innocent, negligent or reckless conduct of a third person, or
(b) action of an animal, or
(c) operation of a force of nature.
第522條 第三人、動物或自然力之協助
行為
從事不尋常之危險活動，就其因而所致之傷
害，縱然係因不可預料之下列事由而發生，
亦應負嚴格責任：
(a) 第三人之無過失、過失或魯莽棄置不顧
之行為。
(b) 動物之行為。
(c) 自然力之運作。
§ 523. Assumption Of Risk
The plaintiff's assumption of the risk of harm from an abnormally
dangerous activity bars his recovery for the harm.
第523條 危險之承擔
原告就不尋常之危險活動而致傷害之危險
自願承擔者，不得就該傷害請求賠償。
§ 524. Contributory Negligence
(1)Except as stated in Subsection (2), the contributory negligence of
the plaintiff is not a defense to the strict liability of one who
carries on an abnormally dangerous activity.
(2)The plaintiff's contributory negligence in knowingly and
unreasonably subjecting himself to the risk of harm from the
activity is a defense to the strict liability.
第524條 與有過失
(1)除本條第2項規定外，原告之與有過失，
不尋常之危險活動之行為人不得以之作
為其應負嚴格責任之抗辯。
(2)原告之明知或不合理地使其自己受不尋
常危險活動之傷害者，行為人得以之作
為其應負嚴格責任之抗辯。
§ 524A. Plaintiff's Abnormally Sensitive Activity
There is no strict liability for harm caused by an abnormally
dangerous activity if the harm would not have resulted but for the
abnormally sensitive character of the plaintiff's activity.
第524條 原告之不尋常敏感活動
縱然有不尋常危險活動，如非原告之不尋常
敏感活動不致受傷害者，該不尋常危險活動
之活動人無須負嚴格責任。
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