Title A. Duty To Control Conduct Of Third Persons
§ 315. General Principle
There is no duty so to control the conduct of a third person as to
prevent him from causing physical harm to another unless
(a) a special relation exists between the actor and the third person
which imposes a duty upon the actor to control the third person's
conduct, or
(b) a special relation exists between the actor and the other which
gives to the other a right to protection.
第一款 監督第三人行為之責任
第315條 一般原則
行為人就第三人之行為，無監督以避免其致
他人受實體傷害之責任，但有下列情形之一
者，不在此限：
(a) 行為人與第三人間有特殊關係，致行為
人有監督該第三人行為之責任；或
(b) 行為人與他人有特殊關係，致該他人有
受保護之權利。
§ 316. Duty Of Parent To Control Conduct Of Child
A parent is under a duty to exercise reasonable care so to control his
minor child as to prevent it from intentionally harming others or from
so conducting itself as to create an unreasonable risk of bodily harm
to them, if the parent
(a) knows or has reason to know that he has the ability to control his
child, and
(b) knows or should know of the necessity and opportunity for
exercising such control.
第316條 父母對未成年子女之監督責任
如父母
(a) 知悉或有理由知悉其有能力監督其未成
年子女；並且
(b) 知悉或應知悉行使此種監督之必要與機
會，
父母有行使合理注意監督其未成年子女，以
避免其未成年子女故意傷害他人或避免未
成年人之行為致他人受身體傷害之不合理
危險之責任。
§ 317. Duty Of Master To Control Conduct Of Servant
A master is under a duty to exercise reasonable care so to control his
servant while acting outside the scope of his employment as to
prevent him from intentionally harming others or from so conducting
himself as to create an unreasonable risk of bodily harm to them, if
(a) the servant
(i) is upon the premises in possession of the master or upon which
the servant is privileged to enter only as his servant, or
(ii) is using a chattel of the master, and
(b) the master
(i) knows or has reason to know that he has the ability to control
his servant, and
(ii) knows or should know of the necessity and opportunity for
exercising such control.
第317條 僱用人之監督受僱人之責任
如
(a)受僱人
(i) 係於僱用人占有之土地房屋上，或受
僱人僅得以其為受僱人身份方享有進
入之免責特殊權利；或
(ii) 正使用僱用人之動產；並且
(b)僱用人
(i) 知悉或有理由知悉其有能力監督其受
僱人；並且
(ii) 知悉或應知悉行使此種監督之必要與
機會。
則僱用人有行使合理注意而於受僱人之執
行業務範圍以外之行為加以監督，以避免受
僱人故意傷害他人或避免受僱人之行為致
他人受身體傷害之不合理危險之責任。
§ 318. Duty Of Possessor Of Land Or Chattels To Control
Conduct Of Licensee
If the actor permits a third person to use land or chattels in his
possession otherwise than as a servant, he is, if present, under a duty
to exercise reasonable care so to control the conduct of the third
person as to prevent him from intentionally harming others or from so
conducting himself as to create an unreasonable risk of bodily harm to
them, if the actor
(a) knows or has reason to know that he has the ability to control the
third person, and
(b) knows or should know of the necessity and opportunity for
exercising such control.
第318條 土地或動產占有人對於經其許
可之人之監督責任
行為人准許非其受僱人之第三人使用其所
占有之土地或動產，如行為人在場，且
(a) 行為人知悉或有理由知悉其有能力監督
該第三人；並且
(b) 行為人知悉或應知悉行使此種監督之必
要性與機會；
行為人有行使合理注意監督該第三人之行
為，以避免該第三人故意傷害他人或避免該
第三人之行為致他人受身體傷害之不合理
危險之責任。
§ 319. Duty Of Those In Charge Of Person Having
Dangerous Propensities
One who takes charge of a third person whom he knows or should
know to be likely to cause bodily harm to others if not controlled is
under a duty to exercise reasonable care to control the third person to
prevent him from doing such harm.
第319條 照顧具有危險傾向之人之責任
照顧第三人之人知悉或應知悉該第三人如
未加監督，可能致他人受身體傷害者，有行
使合理注意監督該第三人，以避免其行為致
發生此種傷害之責任。
§ 320. Duty Of Person Having Custody Of Another To
Control Conduct Of Third Persons
One who is required by law to take or who voluntarily takes the
custody of another under circumstances such as to deprive the other of
his normal power of self-protection or to subject him to association
with persons likely to harm him, is under a duty to exercise reasonable
care so to control the conduct of third persons as to prevent them from
intentionally harming the other or so conducting themselves as to
create an unreasonable risk of harm to him, if the actor
(a) knows or has reason to know that he has the ability to control the
conduct of the third persons, and
(b) knows or should know of the necessity and opportunity for
exercising such control.
第320條 對他人有監督權之人對於第三
人之監督責任
依法律規定或其自願對他人實施監督而剝
奪該他人自我保護之通常權限，或使該他人
與易傷害他之人結交時，如
(a) 行為人知悉或有理由知悉，其有能力監
督該第三人；並且
(b) 行為人知悉或應知悉行使此種監督第三
人之重要與機會；
行為人有行使合理注意監督該第三人行為
以避免故意傷害該他人(受監護人)或避免該
第三人之行為致該他人受身體傷害之不合
理危險之責任。
Title B. Duty To Aid Others And Services Gratuitously
Rendered Or Undertaken
§ 321. Duty To Act When Prior Conduct Is Found To Be
Dangerous
(1)If the actor does an act, and subsequently realizes or should realize
that it has created an unreasonable risk of causing physical harm to
another, he is under a duty to exercise reasonable care to prevent
第二款 協助他人與無償提供勞務之責
任
第321條 先前行為經發現為具有危險時
之採取行動之責任
(1)如行為人作一行為，其後認知或應認知
其行為形成致他人受實體傷害之不合理
危險者，行為人有行使合理注意以避免
the risk from taking effect.
(2)The rule stated in Subsection (1) applies even though at the time of
the act the actor has no reason to believe that it will involve such a
risk.
該危險發生之責任。
(2)前項規定於行為人作該行為時無理由相
信其行為將牽涉此種危險者，亦有其適
用。
§ 322. Duty To Aid Another Harmed By Actor's Conduct
If the actor knows or has reason to know that by his conduct, whether
tortious or innocent, he has caused such bodily harm to another as to
make him helpless and in danger of further harm, the actor is under a
duty to exercise reasonable care to prevent such further harm.
第322條 對於因行為人之行為受傷害之
人給予協助之責任
如行為人知悉或有理由知悉，因其侵權行為
或無違法之行為已使他人受身體傷害而致
該他人無法自立，且有受更大傷害之危險
者，行為人有行使合理注意以避免受更大傷
害之責任。
§ 323. Negligent Performance Of Undertaking To Render
Services
One who undertakes, gratuitously or for consideration, to render
services to another which he should recognize as necessary for the
protection of the other's person or things, is subject to liability to the
other for physical harm resulting from his failure to exercise
reasonable care to perform his undertaking, if
(a) his failure to exercise such care increases the risk of such harm, or
(b) the harm is suffered because of the other's reliance upon the
undertaking.
第323條 從事提供勞務行為之履行有過
失
有償或無償對他人提供勞務，而應察覺該勞
務提供係為保護他人之人身或物之必要，行
為人於下列情況，對該他人就其怠於行使合
理注意以履行其業務而致之實體傷害負責：
(a) 行為人之怠於行使此種注意，增加此種
傷害之危險；或
(b) 該他人之遭受此種傷害係因該他人之信
賴行為人之從事業務(提供勞務)。
§ 324. Duty Of One Who Takes Charge Of Another Who Is
Helpless
One who, being under no duty to do so, takes charge of another who
is helpless adequately to aid or protect himself is subject to liability to
the other for any bodily harm caused to him by
(a) the failure of the actor to exercise reasonable care to secure the
safety of the other while within the actor's charge, or
(b) the actor's discontinuing his aid or protection, if by so doing he
leaves the other in a worse position than when the actor took
charge of him.
第324條 照顧無法自立之人之責任
無責任而照顧無法完全協助或保護自己之
人者，對該無法自立之人因其下列行為所致
之身體傷害應負責任：
(a) 行為人怠於行使合理注意於其照顧期
間，提供該他人安全；或
(b) 行為人之中斷其協助或保護而使該他人
處於較行為人開始照顧時，更為惡劣之
情況。
§ 324A. Liability To Third Person For Negligent
Performance Of Undertaking
One who undertakes, gratuitously or for consideration, to render
services to another which he should recognize as necessary for the
protection of a third person or his things, is subject to liability to the
third person for physical harm resulting from his failure to exercise
reasonable care to protect his undertaking, if
(a) his failure to exercise reasonable care increases the risk of such
harm, or
(b) he has undertaken to perform a duty owed by the other to the third
第324A條 提供勞務之履行有過失而對
第三人之責任
有償或無償對他人提供勞務，而應察覺該勞
務提供係為保護第三人之人身或物之必
要，行為人於下列情況之一，對該第三人就
其怠於行使合理注意以保護其業務而致之
實體傷害負責：
(a) 行為人怠於行使合理注意，增加此種傷
害之危險；或
(b) 行為人所從事之業務之履行，係該他人
person, or
(c) the harm is suffered because of reliance of the other or the third
person upon the undertaking.
對該第三人有履行責任者；或
(c) 該此種傷害之遭致，係因該他人或該第
三人之信賴行為人之從事業務(提供勞
務)。
§ 325. Failure To Perform Gratuitous Undertaking To
Render Services
[The Section is omitted. The matter is now covered by § 323.]
第325條 怠於履行無償提供勞務
【本條刪除；有關事項規定於第323 條】
Topic 8. Prevention Of Assistance By Third Persons
§ 326. Intentionally Preventing Assistance
One who intentionally prevents a third person from giving to another
aid necessary to prevent physical harm to him, is subject to liability
for physical harm caused to the other by the absence of the aid which
he has prevented the third person from giving.
第八節 第三人協助阻撓
第326條 故意阻撓協助
故意阻撓第三人提供為避免他人受實體傷
害之必要協助者，行為人就該他人因其阻撓
第三人提供協助而欠缺協助所致之實體傷
害，應負責任。
§ 327. Negligently Preventing Assistance
One who knows or has reason to know that a third person is giving or
is ready to give to another aid necessary to prevent physical harm to
him, and negligently prevents or disables the third person from giving
such aid, is subject to liability for physical harm caused to the other
by the absence of the aid which he has prevented the third person
from giving.
第327條 過失阻撓協助
知悉或有理由知悉第三人正提供或準備提
供為避免他人受實體傷害之必要協助，而過
失阻撓該第三人提供此種協助，行為人就該
他人因其阻撓第三人提供協助而欠缺協助
所致之實體傷害，應負責任。
§ 328. Obstruction Of Highway
One who wrongfully obstructs a highway and thereby prevents a third
person from giving aid necessary to prevent physical harm to another
is subject to liability to the other for physical harm caused by the
absence of such aid.
第328條 公路之封閉
非法封閉公路因而阻撓第三人向他人提供
為避免實體傷害之必要協助者，行為人對該
他人之因欠缺此種協助所致之實體傷害，應
負責任。
Topic 9. Proof Of Negligence And Functions Of Court And
Jury
§ 328A. Burden Of Proof
In an action for negligence the plaintiff has the burden of proving
(a) facts which give rise to a legal duty on the part of the defendant to
conform to the standard of conduct established by law for the
protection of the plaintiff,
(b) failure of the defendant to conform to the standard of conduct,
(c) that such failure is a legal cause of the harm suffered by the
plaintiff, and
(d) that the plaintiff has in fact suffered harm of a kind legally
第九節 過失之證明、法院與陪審團之功
能
第328A條 舉證責任
就過失之訴訟，原告就下列事項有舉證責
任：
(a) 被告有法律上責任遵守法律所訂之為保
護原告之行為標準之事實；
(b) 被告怠於遵守行為標準；
(c) 此種怠於遵守行為標準，為原告所受傷
害之法律原因；
(d) 原告實際上遭受得請求賠償之損害。
compensable by damages.
§ 328B. Functions Of Court
In an action for negligence the court determines
(a) whether the evidence as to the facts makes an issue upon which
the jury may reasonably find the existence or non-existence of
such facts;
(b) whether such facts give rise to any legal duty on the part of the
defendant;
(c) the standard of conduct required of the defendant by his legal
duty;
(d) whether the defendant has conformed to that standard, in any case
in which the jury may not reasonably come to a different
conclusion;
(e) the applicability of any rules of law determining whether the
defendant's conduct is a legal cause of harm to the plaintiff; and
(f) (f) whether the harm claimed to be suffered by the plaintiff is
legally compensable.
第328B條 法院之功能
就過失之訴訟，法院決定：
(a) 陪審團是否得就形成爭執之事實之證
據，合理地發現該事實之存在或不存在；
(b) 該事實是否因而致被告有法律責任；
(c) 因其法律上責任，被告應遵守之行為標
準；
(d) 就陪審團不致合理地作不同結論之案
件，被告是否符合該行為標準；
(e) 決定被告之行為是否為致原告受傷害之
法律原因之法律原則之可適用性；
(f) 原告所主張其遭受之傷害，是否依法得
請求賠償。
§ 328C. Functions Of Jury
In an action for negligence the jury determines, in any case in which
different conclusions may be reached on the issue:
(a) the facts,
(b) whether the defendant has conformed to the standard of conduct
required by the law,
(c) whether the defendant's conduct is a legal cause of the harm to the
plaintiff, and
(d) the amount of compensation for legally compensable harm.
第328C條 陪審團之功能
就過失之訴訟，如下列爭執可能發生不同結
論時，由陪審團決定：
(a) 事實；
(b) 被告是否遵守履行法律所要求之行為標
準；
(c) 被告之行為是否為致原告受傷害之法律
原因；
(d) 依法得准予賠償之賠償金額。
§ 328D. Res Ipsa Loquitur
(1)It may be inferred that harm suffered by the plaintiff is caused by
negligence of the defendant when
(a) the event is of a kind which ordinarily does not occur in the
absence of negligence;
(b) other responsible causes, including the conduct of the plaintiff
and third persons, are sufficiently eliminated by the evidence;
and
(c) the indicated negligence is within the scope of the defendant's
duty to the plaintiff.
(2)It is the function of the court to determine whether the inference
may reasonably be drawn by the jury, or whether it must
necessarily be drawn.
(3)It is the function of the jury to determine whether the inference is
to be drawn in any case where different conclusions may
reasonably be reached.
第328D條 過失之推定
(1)於下列情形，得推定原告所受之損害，
係由於被告過失所引起：
(a) 屬於如無過失通常不會發生之事件。
(b) 其他可能原因，包括原告及第三人之
行為，均被充分證據所排除。
(c) 所發生之過失係在被告對原告之義
務範圍內。
(2)決定陪審團得為合理推定或應為如此推
定係法院之職權。
(3)決定於其他情形是否合理地推出不同結
果係陪審團之職權。
Chapter 13. Liability For Condition And Use Of Land
Topic 1. Liability Of Possessors Of Land To Persons On
The Land
Title A. Definitions
§ 328E. Possessor Of Land Defined
A possessor of land is
(a) a person who is in occupation of the land with intent to control it
or
(b) a person who has been in occupation of land with intent to control
it, if no other person has subsequently occupied it with intent to
control it, or
(c) a person who is entitled to immediate occupation of the land, if no
other person is in possession under Clauses (a) and (b).
第十三章 就土地上之情況與其使用之
責任
第一節 土地占有人對於在其土地之人
之責任
第一款 定義
第328E條 土地占有人之定義
土地占有人係指
(a) 有支配該土地之故意而占有土地之人；
或
(b) 有支配該土地之故意而已占有土地之
人，而無其他人其後以支配該土地之意
圖而支配該土地；或
(c) 無人依前二項規定占有土地，對土地有
即時占有權之人。
§ 329. Trespasser Defined
A trespasser is a person who enters or remains upon land in the
possession of another without a privilege to do so created by the
possessor's consent or otherwise.
第329條 土地之侵入行為人之定義
侵入行為人係指，未因土地占有人之同意或
其他原因有進入、停留於他人占有土地之免
責特殊權利，而進入、停留於他人占有之土
地之人。
§ 330. Licensee Defined
A licensee is a person who is privileged to enter or remain on land
only by virtue of the possessor's consent.
第330條 經許可之人之定義
經許可之人係指僅因土地占有人之同意而
有進入或停留於土地之免責特殊權利之人。
§ 331. Gratuitous Licensee Defined
[The Section is omitted. The matter is now covered by § 330.]
第331條 無償經許可之人之定義
【本條刪除；有關事項規定於第330 條】
§ 332. Invitee Defined
(1)An invitee is either a public invitee or a business visitor.
(2)A public invitee is a person who is invited to enter or remain on
land as a member of the public for a purpose for which the land is
held open to the public.
(3)A business visitor is a person who is invited to enter or remain on
land for a purpose directly or indirectly connected with business
dealings with the possessor of the land.
第332條 受邀人之定義
(1)受邀人為公共受邀人或業務受邀人。
(2)公共受邀人係指土地之向大眾開放，為
大眾之一成員者受邀請而進入或停留於
土地之人。
(3)業務受邀人係指，為與土地占有人之業
務交往有直接或間接關係而受邀請進入
或停留於土地之人。
Title B. Liability Of Possessors Of Land To Trespassers
第二款 土地占有人對侵入行為人之責
任
§ 333. General Rule
Except as stated in §§ 334-339, a possessor of land is not liable to
trespassers for physical harm caused by his failure to exercise
reasonable care
(a) to put the land in a condition reasonably safe for their reception, or
(b) to carry on his activities so as not to endanger them.
第333條 一般原則
除第334條及第339條規定外，土地占有人就
其怠於行使合理注意
(a) 使其土地為合理安全情況，以接待侵入
行為人；或
(b) 從事其活動，以免危害侵入行為人；
致侵入行為人受實體傷害者，毋須負責。
§ 334. Activities Highly Dangerous To Constant Trespassers
On Limited Area
A possessor of land who knows, or from facts within his knowledge
should know, that trespassers constantly intrude upon a limited area
thereof, is subject to liability for bodily harm there caused to them by
his failure to carry on an activity involving a risk of death or serious
bodily harm with reasonable care for their safety.
第334條 高度危險性活動之於經常出現
於特定區域之侵入行為人
土地占有人知悉，或就其所知事實應知悉，
侵入行為人經常侵入其土地之特定區域，如
怠於合理注意侵入行為人之安全而從事牽
涉死亡或重傷害危險活動時，對於侵入行為
人之於該區域而所致之身體傷害，應負責
任。
§ 335. Artificial Conditions Highly Dangerous To Constant
Trespassers On Limited Area
A possessor of land who knows, or from facts within his knowledge
should know, that trespassers constantly intrude upon a limited area of
the land, is subject to liability for bodily harm caused to them by an
artificial condition on the land, if
(a) the condition
(i)is one which the possessor has created or maintains and
(ii)is, to his knowledge, likely to cause death or seriously bodily
harm to such trespassers and
(iii)is of such a nature that he has reason to believe that such
trespassers will not discover it, and
(b) the possessor has failed to exercise reasonable care to warn such
trespassers of the condition and the risk involved.
第335條 高度危險之人為土地上情況之
於經常出現於特定區域之侵入行為人
土地占有人知悉，或就其所知事實應知悉，
侵入行為人經常侵入其土地之特定區域，就
於其土地上之人為情況，於符合下列規定，
致侵入行為人受身體傷害者：應負責任：
(a) 該情況
(i) 係由土地占有人所形成或維持；並且
(ii) 係就土地占有人所知，可能致該侵入
行為人死亡或重大身體傷害；並且
(iii) 土地占有人有理由相信該情況之本質
致侵入行為人未發現該情況；而且
(b) 占有人怠於行使合理注意以警告該侵入
行為人有關該情況及其牽涉之危險。
§ 336. Activities Dangerous To Known Trespassers
A possessor of land who knows or has reason to know of the presence
of another who is trespassing on the land is subject to liability for
physical harm thereafter caused to the trespasser by the possessor's
failure to carry on his activities upon the land with reasonable care for
the trespasser's safety.
第336條 危險性活動之於已知悉之侵入
行為人
土地占有人知悉或有理由知悉他人以侵入
行為方式而出現於其土地，如占有人其後怠
於合理注意該侵入行為人之安全而從事活
動，對於該侵入行為人因而所受實體傷害，
應負責任。
§ 337. Artificial Conditions Highly Dangerous To Known
Trespassers
A possessor of land who maintains on the land an artificial condition
which involves a risk of death or serious bodily harm to persons
第337條 高度危險之人為情況之於已知
悉之侵入行為人
土地占有人於其土地維持人為情況而有人
與之接觸可能致死亡或嚴重身體傷害之危
coming in contact with it, is subject to liability for bodily harm caused
to trespassers by his failure to exercise reasonable care to warn them
of the condition if
(a) the possessor knows or has reason to know of their presence in
dangerous proximity to the condition, and
(b) the condition is of such a nature that he has reason to believe that
the trespasser will not discover it or realize the risk involved.
險，如符合下列情況，占有人怠於行使合理
注意警告該侵入行為人，對於該侵入行為人
因而所受之身體傷害，應負責任：
(a) 占有人知悉或有理由知悉侵入行為人出
現於該情況之危險處境；並且
(b) 土地占有人有理由相信該情況之本質致
侵入行為人未發現該情況。
§ 338. Controllable Forces Dangerous To Known
Trespassers
A possessor of land who is in immediate control of a force, and knows
or has reason to know of the presence of trespassers in dangerous
proximity to it, is subject to liability for physical harm thereby caused
to them by his failure to exercise reasonable care
(a) so to control the force as to prevent it from doing harm to them, or
(b) to give a warning which is reasonably adequate to enable them to
protect themselves.
第338條 可控制之危險之於已知悉之侵
入行為人
土地占有人就一力量有直接之控制，占有人
知悉或有理由知悉侵入行為人於危險之接
近距離出現，如占有人怠於行使合理注意，
為下列處置者，對於該侵入行為人因而所致
之實體傷害，應負責任：
(a) 控制該力量，以避免其致侵入行為人受
傷害；或
(b) 給予合理地足以使侵入行為人保護自己
之警告。
§ 339. Artificial Conditions Highly Dangerous To
Trespassing Children
A possessor of land is subject to liability for physical harm to children
trespassing thereon caused by an artificial condition upon the land if
(a) the place where the condition exists is one upon which the
possessor knows or has reason to know that children are likely to
trespass, and
(b) the condition is one of which the possessor knows or has reason to
know and which he realizes or should realize will involve an
unreasonable risk of death or serious bodily harm to such children,
and
(c) the children because of their youth do not discover the condition
or realize the risk involved in intermeddling with it or in coming
within the area made dangerous by it, and
(d) the utility to the possessor of maintaining the condition and the
burden of eliminating the danger are slight as compared with the
risk to children involved, and
(e) the possessor fails to exercise reasonable care to eliminate the
danger or otherwise to protect the children.
第339條 高度危險之人為情況之於未成
年人之侵入行為人
土地占有人於下列規定之情形，就其土地之
人為情況所致未成年之侵入行為人受傷
害，應負責任：
(a) 該情況存在之處所為占有人知悉、或有
理由知悉，未成年人可能非法侵入；並
且
(b) 該情況為占有人知悉或有理由知悉，且
為占有人認知或應認知將牽涉致未成年
人死亡或嚴重身體傷害之不合理危險；
並且
(c) 未成年人因其年幼無法發現該情況，或
無法認知干擾或接近該情況所牽涉之危
險；並且
(d) 占有人維持該情況之功效及減少該情況
危險之負擔，與致未成年人遭受危險相
較為微小；並且
(e) 占有人怠於行使合理注意，以減少危
險，或以其他方式保護該未成年人。
Title C. General Liability Of Possessors Of Land To
Licensees And Invitees
§ 340. Dangerous Conditions Known To Licensees
[The Section is omitted. The matter is now covered by §§ 342 and
343A.]
第三款 土地占有人對經許可人或受邀
人之一般責任
第340條 危險情況為經許可人所知道
【本條刪除；有關事項規定於第342 條及第
343A 條】
§ 341. Activities Dangerous To Licensees
A possessor of land is subject to liability to his licensees for physical
harm caused to them by his failure to carry on his activities with
reasonable care for their safety if, but only if,
(a) he should expect that they will not discover or realize the danger,
and
(b) they do not know or have reason to know of the possessor's
activities and of the risk involved.
第341條 對經許可之人有危險之活動
土地占有人因其怠於以合理注意經許可之
人之安全，而從事活動，如符合下列規定，
但也僅於符合下列規定，應就求所致經許可
之人受實體傷害，負責任：
(a) 占有人應預期經許可之人不致發現或察
覺該危險；並且
(b) 經許可之人不知或無理由知悉，占有人
之活動及所牽涉之危險。
§ 341A. Activities Dangerous To Invitees
A possessor of land is subject to liability to his invitees for physical
harm caused to them by his failure to carry on his activities with
reasonable care for their safety if, but only if, he should expect that
they will not discover or realize the danger, or will fail to protect
themselves against it.
第341A條 對受邀人有危險之活動
土地占有人於從事活動時，(但也僅於)應預
期受邀人無法發現或無法認知其活動之危
險，或占有人應預期受邀人將怠於保護其自
己以對抗該危險，怠於為受邀人之安全作合
理之注意者，對該受邀人因而所受之實體傷
害應負責任。
Title D. Special Liability Of Possessors Of Land To
Licensees
§ 342. Dangerous Conditions Known To Possessor
A possessor of land is subject to liability for physical harm caused to
licensees by a condition on the land if, but only if,
(a) the possessor knows or has reason to know of the condition and
should realize that it involves an unreasonable risk of harm to such
licensees, and should expect that they will not discover or realize
the danger, and
(b) he fails to exercise reasonable care to make the condition safe, or
to warn the licensees of the condition and the risk involved, and
(c) the licensees do not know or have reason to know of the condition
and the risk involved.
第四款 土地占有人對經許可人之特別
責任
第342條 占有人知悉之危險情況
土地占有人對於其土地之情況而致經許可
之人受實體傷害者，如於下列情況，但也僅
於下列情況，應負責任：
(a) 占有人知悉或有理由知悉該情況，且應
認知該情況牽涉對於經許可之人有傷害
之不合理危險；且應預期經許可之人不
致發現或認知該危險；並且
(b) 占有人怠於行使合理注意使該情況變為
安全，或向經許可之人警告該情況及所
牽涉之危險；並且
(c) 該經許可之人不知悉，亦無理由知悉，
該情況及所牽涉之危險。
Title E. Special Liability Of Possessors Of Land To Invitees
§ 343. Dangerous Conditions Known To Or Discoverable
By Possessor
A possessor of land is subject to liability for physical harm caused to
his invitees by a condition on the land if, but only if, he
(a) knows or by the exercise of reasonable care would discover the
第五款 土地占有人對受邀人之特別責
任
第343條 占有人知悉或可得發現之危險
情況
土地占有人對於其土地之情況而致受邀人
受實體傷害者，如於下列情形，但也僅於下
列情形，應負責任：
(a) 占有人知悉或經行使合理注意應發現該
condition, and should realize that it involves an unreasonable risk
of harm to such invitees, and
(b) should expect that they will not discover or realize the danger, or
will fail to protect themselves against it, and
(c) fails to exercise reasonable care to protect them against the danger.
情況；且應認知該情況牽涉致受邀人受
傷害之不合理危險；並且
(b) 占有人應預期受邀人不致發現或知悉該
危險，或受邀人將怠於保護自己以對抗
該行為；並且
(c) 占有人怠於行使合理注意，以保護該受
邀人以對抗該危險。
§ 343A. Known Or Obvious Dangers
(1)A possessor of land is not liable to his invitees for physical harm
caused to them by any activity or condition on the land whose
danger is known or obvious to them, unless the possessor should
anticipate the harm despite such knowledge or obviousness.
(2)In determining whether the possessor should anticipate harm from
a known or obvious danger, the fact that the invitee is entitled to
make use of public land, or of the facilities of a public utility, is a
factor of importance indicating that the harm should be
anticipated.
第343A條 已知悉或明顯之危險
(1)土地占有人對於其土地之活動或情況之
危險已為受邀人所知悉，或其土地之活
動或情況之危險甚為明顯，其因而致受
邀人受實體傷害者，毋須負責。但雖受
邀人知悉或其危險甚為明顯，占有人應
預期該傷害者，不在此限。
(2)於決定占有人是否應預期因已知悉或明
顯危險所致之傷害，受邀人之有使用公
共用地或公共事業之設備之權利，為該
傷害須被預料之重要因素。
§ 343B. Child Licensees And Invitees
In any case where a possessor of land would be subject to liability to a
child for physical harm caused by a condition on the land if the child
were a trespasser, the possessor is subject to liability if the child is a
licensee or an invitee.
第343B條 未成年人之為經許可人或受
邀人
未成年人係侵入行為人者，土地占有人對於
該未成年人因土地之狀況所致之身體傷
害，應負賠償責任。未成年人係經許可人或
受邀人者，占有人應負賠償責任。
§ 344. Business Premises Open To Public: Acts Of Third
Persons Or Animals
A possessor of land who holds it open to the public for entry for his
business purposes is subject to liability to members of the public
while they are upon the land for such a purpose, for physical harm
caused by the accidental, negligent, or intentionally harmful acts of
third persons or animals, and by the failure of the possessor to
exercise reasonable care to
(a) discover that such acts are being done or are likely to be done, or
(b) give a warning adequate to enable the visitors to avoid the harm,
or otherwise to protect them against it.
第344條 提供大眾進入之商業場所－第
三人或動物之行為
土地占有人為其商業目的將其土地提供大
眾進入者，為大眾之一份子就其開放之商業
目的而於其土地時，因第三人或動物之意
外、過失或故意傷害行為所致之實體傷害，
土地占有人於下列情況下，應負責任：
(a) 土地占有人怠於行使合理注意以發現該
行為正在實行或可能實行；或
(b) 土地占有人怠於行使合理注意給予完整
之警告，以便受邀人避免該傷害，或以
其他方式對抗該傷害以保護自己。
Title F. Liability Of Possessors Of Land To Persons
Entering In The Exercise Of A Privilege And Independently
Of Possessor's Consent
第六款 土地占有人對於有免責特殊權
利而進入其土地之人及不論是否經其同
意得進入其土地之人之責任
§ 345. Persons Entering In The Exercise Of Privilege
(1)Except as stated in Subsection (2), the liability of a possessor of
land to one who enters the land only in the exercise of a privilege,
for either a public or a private purpose, and irrespective of the
possessor's consent, is the same as the liability to a licensee.
(2)The liability of a possessor of land to a public officer or employee
who enters the land in the performance of his public duty, and
suffers harm because of a condition of a part of the land held open
to the public, is the same as the liability to an invitee.
第345條 行使免責特殊權利而進入土地
之人
(1)除本條第2項規定外，進入土地僅係為公
共或私人目的而行使免責特殊權利，且
該權利之行使毋須考慮土地占有人之同
意與否者，土地占有人對之所負之責
任，於其對經許可進入之人之責任相同。
(2)公務員或受僱人之進入土地係為履行其
公共責任，因土地占有人提供大眾進入
之土地之情況而致該公物員或受僱人受
傷害者，該土地占有人對之所負之責
任，與其對受邀人之責任相同。
§ 346. Dangerous Activities After Possessor Knows Or
Should Know Of Other's Presence
[The Section is omitted. The matter is now covered by § 345.]
第346條 占有人知悉或應知悉他人出現
(於土地)之危險活動
【本條刪除，有關事項規定於第345條】
§ 347. Dangerous Conditions: Rule Applicable To Public
Utility
[The Section is omitted. The matter is now covered by § 343A.]
第347條 危險情況得適用於公共事業之
規則
【本條刪除，有關事項規定於第343A條】
§ 348. Public Utility Or Possessor Of Business Premises:
Acts Of Third Persons
[The Section is omitted. The matter is now covered by § 344.]
第348條 公用事業與商業場所之占有
人─第三人之行為
【本條刪除，有關事項規定於第344條】
§ 349. Dangerous Conditions In Public Highway Or Private
Right Of Way
A possessor of land over which there is a public highway or private
right of way is not subject to liability for physical harm caused to
travelers upon the highway or persons lawfully using the way by his
failure to exercise reasonable care
(a) to maintain the highway or way in safe condition for their use, or
(b) to warn them of dangerous conditions in the way which, although
not created by him, are known to him and which they neither
know nor are likely to discover.
第349條 公路或私有道路之危險情況
於其土地有公路或私有道路之土地占有
人，縱然於下列情況，就其怠於注意所致公
路之旅客或合法使用私以道路而受實體傷
害之人，毋須負責：
(a) 土地占有人怠於行使合理注意以保持公
路或私有到道路之為公路或私有道路之
使用；或
(b) 土地占有人怠於行使合理注意以警告公
路或私有道路之危險，而該危險雖非土
地占有人所致，但為其所知悉，且旅客
或合法使用公路或私有道路之人不知
悉、亦不可發現該危險。
§ 350. Dangerous Conditions Created In Highway By
Possessor Or For His Benefit
第350條 土地占有人所形成之公路上危
險情況或為土地占有人之利益所形成之
公路上危險情況
A possessor of land over which there is a public highway is subject to
liability for physical harm caused to travelers thereon by a failure to
exercise reasonable care in creating or maintaining in reasonably safe
condition any structure or other artificial condition created or
maintained in the highway by him or for his sole benefit subsequent to
its dedication.
於其土地有公路之土地占有人，對於其設
立、維持、或僅為其利益而設立、維持之建
造物或其他人為情況，怠於行使合理注意於
設立或維持其合理之安全狀況，致於公路之
旅客受實體傷害者，應負責任。
Topic 2. Liability Of Vendors And Other Transferors Of
Land To Persons On The Land
§ 351. Dangerous Conditions Arising After Vendor
Transfers Possession
A vendor of land is not subject to liability for physical harm caused to
his vendee or others while upon the land by any dangerous condition,
whether natural or artificial, which comes into existence after the
vendee has taken possession.
第二節 土地出賣人或其他土地讓與人
對於土地上之人之責任
第351條 土地出賣人移轉土地占有之後
所發生之危險情況
土地出賣人對於買受人取得土地占有後，於
該土地所發生之自然或人為之危險情況，致
買受人或其他之人於該土地時受實體傷害
者，毋須負責。
§ 352. Dangerous Conditions Existing At Time Vendor
Transfers Possession
Except as stated in § 353, a vendor of land is not subject to liability
for physical harm caused to his vendee or others while upon the land
after the vendee has taken possession by any dangerous condition,
whether natural or artificial, which existed at the time that the vendee
took possession.
第352條 土地出賣人移轉占有時存在之
危險情況
除第353條規定外，土地出賣人就移轉土地
占有給買受人時存在之自然或人為之危險
情況，於買受人取得土地占有後，買受人或
他人於該土地而因該危險情況而受實體傷
害者，毋須負責。
§ 353. Undisclosed Dangerous Conditions Known To
Vendor
(1)A vendor of land who conceals or fails to disclose to his vendee
any condition, whether natural or artificial, which involves
unreasonable risk to persons on the land, is subject to liability to
the vendee and others upon the land with the consent of the vendee
or his subvendee for physical harm caused by the condition after
the vendee has taken possession, if
(a) the vendee does not know or have reason to know of the
condition or the risk involved, and
(b) the vendor knows or has reason to know of the condition, and
realizes or should realize the risk involved, and has reason to
believe that the vendee will not discover the condition or
realize the risk.
(2)If the vendor actively conceals the condition, the liability stated in
Subsection (1) continues until the vendee discovers it and has
reasonable opportunity to take effective precautions against it.
Otherwise the liability continues only until the vendee has had
reasonable opportunity to discover the condition and to take such
precautions.
第353條 出賣人知悉而未公開之危險情
況
(1)土地出賣人隱藏或怠於向買受人公開，
任何之自然或人為情況而牽涉致在該土
地之人受不合理危險者，就買受人取得
該土地占有之後，因該情況致買受人、
經買受人同意而於土地之人或次買受
人，受實體傷害者，如符合下列規定，
出賣人應負責任：
(a) 買受人不知，亦無理由知悉該情況或
所牽涉之危險；並且
(b) 出賣人知悉或有理由知悉該情況，且
認知或應認知所牽涉之危險，且有理
由相信買受人將不致發現該情況或
認知該危險。
(2)如出賣人積極隱藏該情況，前項所規定
之責任繼續存在，直至買受人(實際)發現
該情況，且有合理機會採取有效預防時
為止；於其他情形，出賣人之前項所規
定責任持續至買受人有合理機會發現該
情況而採取有效預防時為止。
§ 354. Transferors Of Ownership And Possession Other
Than Vendors
(1)The rules stated in §§ 351 and 352 apply to any former owner of
land whose ownership and possession have been transferred
otherwise than by sale.
(2)The rule stated in § 353 applies to any former owner of land who
has voluntarily transferred the ownership and possession inter
vivos.
第354條 出賣人以外之所有權或占有之
讓與人
(1)第351條及第352條所規定之法律規則，
對於依買賣以外之其他方式轉讓所有權
及占有之原土地所有人，有其適用。
(2)第353條所規定之法律規則，於自願生前
移離所有權及占有之原土地所有權人，
有其適用。
Topic 3. Liability Of Lessors Of Land To Persons On The
Land
§ 355. Conditions Arising After Lessor Transfers
Possession: General Rule
Except as stated in §§ 357 and 360-362, a lessor of land is not subject
to liability to his lessee or others upon the land with the consent of the
lessee or sublessee for physical harm caused by any dangerous
condition which comes into existence after the lessee has taken
possession.
第三節 土地出租人對於在土地上之人
之責任
第355條 出租人移轉占有後發生之情況
──一般原則
除第357條及第360條至第362條規定外，土
地出租人對於承租人取得土地占有後而於
土地存在之任何危險情況，致承租人、經承
租人同意而於該土地之人或次承租人，所受
實體傷害，毋須負責。
§ 356. Conditions Existing When Lessor Transfers
Possession: General Rule
Except as stated in §§ 357-362, a lessor of land is not liable to his
lessee or to others on the land for physical harm caused by any
dangerous condition, whether natural or artificial, which existed when
the lessee took possession.
第356條 出租人移轉占有時存在之情況
──一般原則
除第357條至第362條規定外，土地出租人就
承租人取得占有時存在之自然或人為危險
情況，致承租人或其他於該土地之人所受傷
害，毋須負責。
§ 357. Where Lessor Contracts To Repair
A lessor of land is subject to liability for physical harm causee to his
lessee and others upon the land with the consent of the lessee or his
sublessee by a condition of disrepair existing before or arising after
the lessee has taken possession if
(a) the lessor, as such, has contracted by a covenant in the lease or
otherwise to keep the land in repair, and
(b) the disrepair creates an unreasonable risk to persons upon the land
which the performance of the lessor's agreement would have
prevented, and
(c) the lessor fails to exercise reasonable care to perform his contract.
第357條 出租人依約定應修繕之情形
土地出租人於符合下列規定時，就承租人、
經承租人同意出現於該土地之人或次承租
人，因承租人取得占有之前或之後存在之失
修情況所受之實體傷害，應負責任：
(a) 出租人於書面租賃契約或依其他方式，
同意負有對該土地修繕義務；並且
(b) 失修形成致在該土地之人受不合理之危
險，而出租人之履行契約義務得預防該
不合理危險；並且
(c) 出租人怠於行使合理注意以履行其契
約。
§ 358. Undisclosed Dangerous Conditions Known To Lessor
(1)A lessor of land who conceals or fails to disclose to his lessee any
第358條 出租人知悉之未公開危險情況
(1)土地出租人隱藏或怠於向承租人公開，
condition, whether natural or artificial, which involves
unreasonable risk of physical harm to persons on the land, is
subject to liability to the lessee and others upon the land with the
consent of the lessee or his sublessee for physical harm caused by
the condition after the lessee has taken possession, if
(a) the lessee does not know or have reason to know of the
condition or the risk involved, and
(b) the lessor knows or has reason to know of the condition, and
realizes or should realize the risk involved, and has reason to
expect that the lessee will not discover the condition or realize
the risk.
(2)If the lessor actively conceals the condition, the liability stated in
Subsection (1) continues until the lessee discovers it and has
reasonable opportunity to take effective precautions against it.
Otherwise the liability continues only until the lessee has had
reasonable opportunity to discover the condition and to take such
precautions.
任何自然或人為情況而牽涉致在該土地
之人受實體傷害之不合理危險者，就承
租人取得該土地占有之後，因該情況致
承租人、經承租人同意而於土地之人或
次承租人，受實體傷害者，如符合下列
規定，出賣人應負責任：
(a) 承租人不知，亦無理由知悉該情況或
所牽涉之危險；並且
(b) 出租人知悉或有理由知悉該情況，且
認知或應認知所牽涉之危險，且有理
由相信承租人將不致發現該情況或
認知該危險。
(2)如出租人積極隱藏該情況，前項所規定
之責任繼續存在，直至承租人(實際)發現
該情況，且有合理機會採取有效預防時
為止；於其他情形，出租人之前項所規
定責任持續至買受人有合理機會發現該
情況而採取有效預防時為止。
§ 359. Land Leased For Purpose Involving Admission Of
Public
A lessor who leases land for a purpose which involves the admission
of the public is subject to liability for physical harm caused to persons
who enter the land for that purpose by a condition of the land existing
when the lessee takes possession, if the lessor
(a) knows or by the exercise of reasonable care could discover that the
condition involves an unreasonable risk of harm to such persons,
and
(b) has reason to expect that the lessee will admit them before the land
is put in safe condition for their reception, and
(c) fails to exercise reasonable care to discover or to remedy the
condition, or otherwise to protect such persons against it.
第359條 土地租賃之目的牽涉准許大眾
進入
土地出租人於其租賃之目的牽涉准許大眾
進入者，就承租人取得占有時存在之情況，
致依該目的而進入該土地之人受實體傷害
時，如符合下列規定，出租人應負責任：
(a) 出租人知悉或於行使合理注意應發現該
情況牽涉致進入該土地之人受傷害之不
合理危險；並且
(b) 出租人有理由預期，承租人將准許大眾
於該情況改善為安全之前進入；並且
(c) 出租人怠於行使合理之注意以發現或改
善該情況，或以其他方式保護進入土地
之人免受傷害。
§ 360. Parts Of Land Retained In Lessor's Control Which
Lessee Is Entitled To Use
A possessor of land who leases a part thereof and retains in his own
control any other part which the lessee is entitled to use as
appurtenant to the part leased to him, is subject to liability to his
lessee and others lawfully upon the land with the consent of the lessee
or a sublessee for physical harm caused by a dangerous condition
upon that part of the land retained in the lessor's control, if the lessor
by the exercise of reasonable care could have discovered the condition
and the unreasonable risk involved therein and could have made the
condition safe.
第360條 部分土地之由土地占有人保留
支配權，但承租人有使用權
土地占有人將一部分土地出租，另一部分仍
由其支配，而承租人對該部分土地有將之視
為承租土地之附屬部分而使用之權者，就出
租人(土地占有人)保留支配權部分土地之危
險情況致承租人，經承租人同意合法於該土
地之人、或次承租人，所受實體傷害，如出
租人行使合理注意應能發現該危險及其牽
涉之不合理危險，且應能使該情況改為安全
時，該出租人應對之負責。
§ 361. Parts Of Land Retained In Lessor's Control But
Necessary To Safe Use Of Part Leased
第361條 部分土地之由出租人保留支配
權，但係為安全使用出租部分之必要
A possessor of land who leases a part thereof and retains in his own
control any other part which is necessary to the safe use of the leased
part, is subject to liability to his lessee and others lawfully upon the
land with the consent of the lessee or a sublessee for physical harm
caused by a dangerous condition upon that part of the land retained in
the lessor's control, if the lessor by the exercise of reasonable care
(a) could have discovered the condition and the risk involved, and
(b) could have made the condition safe.
土地占有人將土地之一部分出租，但為安全
使用出租部分土地而保留另外部分土地之
支配權，就出租人(土地占有人)保留支配權
部分土地之危險情況致承租人、經承租人同
意合法於該土地之人、或次承租人，所受實
體傷害，出租人於下列情形，應負責任：
(a) 如出租人行使合理注意應能發現該危險
及其牽涉之不合理危險；並且
(b) 如出租人行使合理注意，應能使該(危險)
情況改為安全。
§ 362. Negligent Repairs By Lessor
A lessor of land who, by purporting to make repairs on the land while
it is in the possession of his lessee, or by the negligent manner in
which he makes such repairs has, as the lessee neither knows nor
should know, made the land more dangerous for use or given it a
deceptive appearance of safety, is subject to liability for physical harm
caused by the condition to the lessee or to others upon the land with
the consent of the lessee or sublessee.
第362條 出租人之過失修繕
土地出租人於土地由承租人占有時，於該土
地為修繕或於其修繕時之方式有過失而致
該土地之使用更加危險，或致其危險顯示表
面之詐欺性安全，但承租人不知、亦非應知
該危險者，其因該危險情況而致承租人、經
承租人同意合法於該土地之人、或次承租人
所受實體傷害，出租應對之負責。
Topic 4. Liability For Natural Conditions To Persons
Outside Of The Land
§ 363. Natural Conditions
(1)Except as stated in Subsection (2), neither a possessor of land, nor
a vendor, lessor, or other transferor, is liable for physical harm
caused to others outside of the land by a natural condition of the
land.
(2)A possessor of land in an urban area is subject to liability to
persons using a public highway for physical harm resulting from
his failure to exercise reasonable care to prevent an unreasonable
risk of harm arising from the condition of trees on the land near
the highway.
第四節 占有人就土地之自然情況對於
在其土地以外之人之責任
第363條 自然情況
(1)除本條第2項規定外，土地占有人、出賣
人、出租人或其他讓與人，就土地之自
然情況致於其土地以外之人所受之實體
傷害，毋須負責。
(2)都市地區之土地占有人，對於其怠於行
使合理注意避免於其鄰近公路之土地上
之樹木之情況所致傷害之不合理危險，
致使用公路之人受實體傷害時，應負責
任。
Topic 5. Liability Of Possessors To Persons Outside Of The
Land
Title A. Liability For Condition Of Land And Structures
Thereon
§ 364. Creation Or Maintenance Of Dangerous Artificial
Conditions
A possessor of land is subject to liability to others outside of the land
for physical harm caused by a structure or other artificial condition on
the land, which the possessor realizes or should realize will involve an
unreasonable risk of such harm, if
第五節 土地占有人對於立於其土地以
外之人之責任
第一款 就土地之情況或土地之建造物
之責任
第364條 人為之危險情況之形成或維持
土地占有人就其所認知、或應認知將牽涉致
立於其土地以外之人受實體傷害之不合理
危險之土地上建造物或其他人為情況，使立
於土地以外之人受實體傷害者，如符合下列
(a) the possessor has created the condition, or
(b) the condition is created by a third person with the possessor's
consent or acquiescence while the land is in his possession, or
(c) the condition is created by a third person without the possessor's
consent or acquiescence, but reasonable care is not taken to make
the condition safe after the possessor knows or should know of it.
規定之一，土地占有人應對之負責：
(a) 土地占有人形成該(危險)情況；或
(b) 土地為占有人占有而該情況係由第三人
之經占有人同意或默認而形成；或
(c) 經情況係由第三人未經占有人之同意或
默認而形成，但占有人知悉或應知悉該
情況形成後，未以合理注意使該情況改
良為安全。
§ 365. Dangerous Disrepair
A possessor of land is subject to liability to others outside of the land
for physical harm caused by the disrepair of a structure or other
artificial condition thereon, if the exercise of reasonable care by the
possessor or by any person to whom he entrusts the maintenance and
repair thereof
(a) would have disclosed the disrepair and the unreasonable risk
involved therein, and
(b) would have made it reasonably safe by repair or otherwise.
第365條 危險之失修
土地占有人就其土地建造物或其他人為情
況之失修，致立於其土地以外之他人受實體
傷害，如符合下列規定，占有人應負責任：
(a) 占有人或其所託付之人，如行使合理注
意，應將該失修及其牽涉之不合理危險
公開：並且
(b) 占有人或其所託付之人，如行使合理注
意，應以修繕或其他方式，使該情況改
良為合理之安全。
§ 366. Artificial Conditions Existing When Possession Is
Taken
One who takes possession of land upon which there is an existing
structure or other artificial condition unreasonably dangerous to
persons or property outside of the land is subject to liability for
physical harm caused to them by the condition after, but only after,
(a) the possessor knows or should know of the condition, and
(b) he knows or should know that it exists without the consent of
those affected by it, and
(c) he has failed, after a reasonable opportunity, to make it safe or
otherwise to protect such persons against it.
第366條 占有人取得土地占有時存在之
人為情況
取得土地之占有而該土地有建造物或其他
人為情況，對於立於該土地以外之人或物有
不合理之危險者，土地占有人就該情況使立
於該土地以外之人或物，受實體傷害，應負
責任，但須於，而且也僅於，
(a) 占有人知悉或應知悉該情況；並且
(b) 占有人知悉或應知悉該情況之存在係未
經受其影響之人之同意；並且
(c) 雖有合理機會，占有人怠於使該情況改
良為安全，或以其他方式保護這些人免
受此種實體傷害。
§ 367. Dangerous Conditions On Land Appearing To Be A
Highway
A possessor of land who so maintains a part thereof that he knows or
should know that others will reasonably believe it to be a public
highway is subject to liability for physical harm caused to them, while
using such part as a highway, by his failure to exercise reasonable
care to maintain it in a reasonably safe condition for travel.
第367條 土地之危險情況顯示其有如公
路
土地占有人就其土地之一部分之維護，知悉
或應知悉他人將合理地相信(誤信)其為公
路，就他人之將之視為公路使用而致之實體
傷害，係因占有人之怠於行使合理注意以維
護該部分土地為通行之合理安全情況者，應
負責任。
§ 368. Conditions Dangerous To Travelers On Adjacent 第368條 致使其鄰近公路之旅客危險之
Highway
A possessor of land who creates or permits to remain thereon an
excavation or other artificial condition so near an existing highway
that he realizes or should realize that it involves an unreasonable risk
to others accidentally brought into contact with such condition while
traveling with reasonable care upon the highway, is subject to liability
for physical harm thereby caused to persons who
(a) are traveling on the highway, or
(b) foreseeably deviate from it in the ordinary course of travel.
情況
土地占有人形成或准許保留於其土地之洞
穴或其他人為情況，因該情況之接近公路致
占有人認知或應認知他人合理注意於公路
行走而意外接觸該情況，將涉及致該他人不
合理之危險者，就因而致下列之人受實體傷
害時，應負責任：
(a) 正在公路上行走之人；或
(b) 於通常行走過程而可預見之偏離公路之
人。
§ 369. Conditions Dangerous To Children Deviating From
Adjacent Highway
A possessor of land abutting upon a public highway is subject to
liability for physical harm caused to children by an artificial condition
maintained by him on the land so close to the highway that it involves
an unreasonable risk to such children because of their tendency to
deviate from the highway.
第369條 對於偏離鄰近公路之小孩有危
險性之情況
鄰近公路之土地占有人保有於其土地之人
為情況，因其接近公路致未成年人之易於偏
離公路之傾向而涉及不合理危險者，就未成
年人因該情況受實體傷害，應負責任。
§ 370. Conditions Dangerous To Persons On Adjacent Land
A possessor of land who creates or permits to remain on the land an
excavation or other artificial condition so close to land in the
possession of another that the possessor should realize that it involves
an unreasonable risk of physical harm to others accidentally coming
in contact therewith while lawfully using the adjacent land, is subject
to liability for physical harm thereby caused to them, if the condition
is one of which they neither know or should know and the possessor
does not exercise reasonable care to warn them of it.
第370條 對於在鄰近土地之人有危險之
情況
土地占有人設立或准許保留於其土地之洞
穴或其他人為情況，因該情況之接近他人占
有之土地，致該占有人應認知該情況牽涉對
於合法使用鄰近土地而意外接近該情況之
人有致實體傷害之不合理危險，就因而所致
之實體傷害，如該情況係鄰近土地之人不知
或無法知悉，而該占有人怠於行使合理注意
以警告其危險者，該占有人應負責任。
Title B. Liability For Activities Carried On Upon The Land
§ 371. Possessor's Activities
A possessor of land is subject to liability for physical harm to others
outside of the land caused by an activity carried on by him thereon
which he realizes or should realize will involve an unreasonable risk
of physical harm to them under the same conditions as though the
activity were carried on at a neutral place.
第二款 於土地從事之活動之責任
第371條 占有人之活動
土地占有人於其土地之活動，知悉或應知悉
將使在該土地以外之人，於該活動有如在土
地占有人、他人均無權利或均有權利之中立
地區而實行之活動，而受到傷害之不合理危
險者，就該活動致立於其土地以外之人所受
實體傷害，應負責任。
Topic 6. Liability Of Vendors And Other Transferors To
Persons Outside Of The Land
§ 372. Dangerous Conditions Ensuing After Vendor
Transfers Possession
第六節 土地出賣人及其他土地讓與人
對於在其土地以外之人之責任
第372條 出賣人移轉占有後存在之危險情況
A vendor of land is not subject to liability to others outside of the land
for physical harm caused by any natural or artificial condition thereon
which comes into existence after his vendee has taken possession.
土地出賣人就買受人受領土地占有後存在
之土地上自然或人為之危險情況，致立於其
土地以外之人受實體傷害者，毋須負責。
§ 373. Dangerous Conditions Created Before Vendor
Transfers Possession
(1)A vendor of land who has created or negligently permitted to
remain on the land a structure or other artificial condition which
involves an unreasonable risk of harm to others outside of the
land, because of its plan, construction, location, disrepair, or
otherwise, is subject to liability to such persons for physical harm
caused by the condition after his vendee has taken possession of
the land.
(2)If the vendor has created the condition, or has actively concealed it
from the vendee, the liability stated in Subsection (1) continues
until the vendee discovers it and has reasonable opportunity to
take effective precautions against it. Otherwise the liability
continues only until the vendee has had reasonable opportunity to
discover the condition and to take such precautions.
第373條 出賣人移轉土地占有之前形成
之危險情況
(1)土地出賣人設立或過失准許保留於其土
地之建造物或其他人為情況，而該人為
情況因其計畫、建造、地點、失修或其
他原因，牽涉致立於該土地以外之人受
傷害之不合理危險；買受人受領該土地
占有後，因該人為情況致立於該土地以
外之人受實體傷害者，出賣人應負責任。
(2)如出賣人設立該情況或對買受人積極隱
藏(該情況)，前項所規定之出賣人責任繼
續存在，直至買受人(實際)發現該情況，
且有合理機會採取有效預防時為止；於
其他情形，出賣人之前項所規定責任持
續至買受人有合理機會發現該情況而採
取有效預防時為止。
§ 374. Dangerous Disrepair Unknown To Vendor When He
Transfers Possession
[The Section is omitted. The matter is now covered by § 373.]
第374條 出賣人讓與占有時所不知之危
險失修
【本條刪除，有關事項規定於第373條】
§ 375. Dangerous Disrepair Known To Vendor When He
Transfers Possession
[The Section is omitted. The matter is now covered by § 373.]
第375條 出賣人讓與占有時已知悉之危
險失修
【本條刪除，有關事項規定於第373條】
§ 376. Transferors Of Ownership And Possession Other
Than Vendors
The rules stated in §§ 372 and 373 apply to any former owner of land
whose ownership and possession have been voluntarily transferred
inter vivos, otherwise than by sale, to a third person prior to the time
when a dangerous condition of the land causes physical harm to the
transferee or others outside of the land.
第376條 出賣人以外之所有權及占有之
讓與人
土地以前所有人(原所有人)，於其土地之情
況致受讓人或於其土地以外之人受實體傷
害之前，以買賣以外之其他原因讓與第三人
者，第372條及第373條之規定準用之。
Topic 7. Liability Of Lessors To Persons Outside Of The
Land
§ 377. Dangerous Conditions Arising After Lessor
Transfers Possession: General Rule
第七節 出租人對於在土地以外之人之
責任
第377條 出租人移轉占有之後發生之危險情況─一般原則
Except where he contracts to repair, a lessor of land is not liable to
others outside of the land for physical harm caused by any dangerous
condition on the land which comes into existence after his lessee has
taken possession.
除出租人以契約約定負修繕責任外，出租人
就承租人取得土地占有後存在之任何危險
情況，致立於土地以外之人受實體傷害者，
毋須負責。
§ 378. Dangerous Conditions Which Lessor Has Contracted
To Repair
A lessor of land who, as such, contracts with his lessee to keep the
premises in repair and negligently fails to perform his contract, is
subject to liability to others outside of the land for physical harm
caused by a condition of disrepair which involves an unreasonable
risk of harm to them and which the lessor's performance of his
contract would have made reasonably safe.
第378條 出租人於契約約定加以修繕之
危險情況
土地出租人與其承租人訂約約定，就土地及
房屋加以修復，但出租人過失怠於履行其契
約義務，就因牽涉致立於土地以外之人受傷
害之不合理危險之失修情況，致立於土地以
外之人(實際)受實體傷害，且該失修情況經
出租人之履行其契約將使該情況改為安全
者，出租人應負責任。
§ 379. Dangerous Conditions Existing When Lessor
Transfers Possession
A lessor of land who transfers its possession in a condition which he
realizes or should realize will involve unreasonable risk of physical
harm to others outside of the land, is subject to the same liability for
physical harm subsequently caused to them by the condition as though
he had remained in possession.
第379條 出租人移轉占有時存在之危險
情況
土地出租人移轉占有時，該土地之情況為出
租人認知或應認知將牽涉致立於其土地以
外之人受傷害之合理危險者，就土地占有移
轉後因該情況致立於其土地以外之人受實
體傷害時，出租人應負有如仍占有該土地時
之責任。
§ 379A. Activities After Lessor Transfers Possession
A lessor of land is subject to liability for physical harm to persons
outside of the land caused by activities of the lessee or others on the
land after the lessor transfers possession if, but only if,
(a) the lessor at the time of the lease consented to such activity or
knew that it would be carried on, and
(b) the lessor knew or had reason to know that it would unavoidably
involve such an unreasonable risk, or that special precautions
necessary to safety would not be taken.
第379A條 出租人移轉占有後之活動
土地出租人就承租人或他人於出租人移轉
占有後於土地之活動，致立於土地以外之人
受實體傷害者，於下列情況，但也僅於下列
情況，應負責任；
(a) 出租人於訂定租賃契約時准許該活動或
知悉將從事該活動；並且
(b) 出租人知悉或有理由知悉該活動不可避
免地牽涉此種不合理危險；或出租人知
悉或有理由知悉，為安全所必要之安全
預防措施不致被(受傷害人)所採用。
Topic 8. Liability Of Persons Other Than A Possessor,
Vendor, Or Lessor
§ 380. Trespassers: Special Rule
[The section is omitted. The matter is now covered by § 162.]
第八節 占有人、出賣人或承租人以外之
人之責任
第380條 侵入行為人──特別原則
【本條刪除，有關事項規定於第162條】
§ 381. Trespassers: Liability For Negligence 第381條 侵入行為──過失之責任
A trespasser on land is subject to liability to others whom he should
recognize as likely to be on the land, as servants of the possessor or as
invitees, licensees, or trespassers, for physical harm caused to them by
any act done, activity carried on, or condition created while upon the
land by the trespasser which he should recognize as involving an
unreasonable risk of causing such harm to them.
土地之侵入行為人對於其應察覺可能於該
土地之人，諸如占有人之受僱人、受邀人、
經許可之人或(其他)侵入行為人，就其於該
土地所實行之行為、活動或設立情況之應察
覺其牽涉致實體傷害於該土地之人之不合
理危險，而(實際)致於該土地之人受實體傷
害者，應負責任。
§ 382. Members Of Possessor's Household
A member of the household of a possessor of land, who does an act or
carries on an activity on the land, is subject to the same liability, and
enjoys the same freedom from liability, for physical harm caused to
others upon and outside of the land as though he were the possessor of
the land.
第382條 土地占有人之家屬
土地占有人之家屬於該土地之行為、活動，
致於土地之人及於土地以外之人受實體傷
害者，與該土地占有人負有同樣之責任、享
受同樣之免責特殊權利。
§ 383. Liability Of Persons Acting On Behalf Of Possessor
One who does an act or carries on an activity upon land on behalf of
the possessor is subject to the same liability, and enjoys the same
freedom from liability, for physical harm caused thereby to others
upon and outside of the land as though he were the possessor of the
land.
第383條 代表占有人之人之責任
代表土地占有人於其土地實行行為、活動，
致於土地之人及於土地以外之人受實體傷
害者，該代表人負有與土地占有人同樣之責
任、享受同樣之免責特殊權利。
§ 384. Liability Of Persons Creating Artificial Conditions
On Land On Behalf Of Possessor For Physical Harm
Caused While Work Remains In Their Charge
One who on behalf of the possessor of land erects a structure or
creates any other condition on the land is subject to the same liability,
and enjoys the same freedom from liability, as though he were the
possessor of the land, for physical harm caused to others upon and
outside of the land by the dangerous character of the structure or other
condition while the work is in his charge.
第384條 代表占有人於土地設立人為情
況，就有關工作物仍由其處理時所致實
體傷害之責任
代表土地占有人而於其土地設立建造物或
其他情況，當該作業仍由其處理時，因該建
造物或其他情況之危險本質，致於土地之人
及於土地以外之人受實體傷害者，該代表人
負有與土地占有人同樣之責任、享受同樣之
免責特殊權利。
§ 385. Persons Creating Artificial Conditions On Land On
Behalf Of Possessor: Physical Harm Caused After Work
Has Been Accepted
One who on behalf of the possessor of land erects a structure or
creates any other condition thereon is subject to liability to others
upon or outside of the land for physical harm caused to them by the
dangerous character of the structure or condition after his work has
been accepted by the possessor, under the same rules as those
determining the liability of one who as manufacturer or independent
contractor makes a chattel for the use of others.
第385條 代表占有人於土地設立為情況
─工作物已經受領後致實體傷害
代表土地占有人於其土地設立建造物或其
他人為情況，該工作物已由土地占有人受領
後，因建造物或其他情況之危險性質，致於
土地之人及於土地以外之人受實體傷害
者，該代表人應否負責？應依供他人使用之
動產之製造人或獨立契約人之責任之規定
而決定其責任。
§ 386. Persons Other Than Possessor, Members Of His 第386條 形成危險情況之占有人、其家
Household, And Those Acting On His Behalf Who Create
Dangerous Condition
Any person, except the possessor of land or a member of his
household or one acting on his behalf, who creates or maintains upon
the land a structure or other artificial condition which he should
recognize as involving an unreasonable risk of physical harm to others
upon or outside of the land, is subject to liability for physical harm
thereby caused to them, irrespective of whether they are lawfully upon
the land, by the consent of the possessor or otherwise, or are
trespassers as between themselves and the possessor.
屬、其代表以外之人
土地占有人、其家屬或其代表以外之人，於
土地設立或維持建造物或其他人為情況，而
該他人應察覺牽涉致於土地之人或於土地
以外之人受實體傷害之不合理危險，就該人
為情況致於土地之人或於土地以外之人受
實體傷害者，不論受傷害之人是否合法於該
土地、是否經占有人同意、其與占有人間之
關係是否構成侵入行為人均應負責任。
§ 387. Persons Taking Over Entire Charge Of Land
An independent contractor or servant to whom the owner or possessor
of land turns over the entire charge of the land is subject to the same
liability for harm caused to others, upon or outside of the land, by his
failure to exercise reasonable care to maintain the land in safe repair
as though he were the possessor of the land.
第387條 完全管領土地之人
獨立契約人或受僱人之經土地占有人之交
付而完全管領土地者，就其怠於合理注意以
維持土地於安全修繕，致於土地之人或於土
地以外之人受傷害者，應有如其為占有人而
負責任。
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