關於愛，我是個小學生。

Division 12. Defenses Applicable To All Tort Claims

Chapter 45. Justification And Excuse

§ 887. Capacity

[The Section is omitted. The matter is now covered in Chapter 45A,

§§ 895A-895J.]

第十二篇 得適用於所有侵權行為賠償

請求之抗辯

第四十五章 正當理由與免責

第887條 能力

【本條刪除；有關事項規定於第四十五A

章，第895A 條至第895J 條】

§ 888. Effect Of Acting At Command Of Or On Account Of

Another

One whose conduct is otherwise tortious is not relieved from liability

merely by the fact that his conduct is pursuant to the command of or is

on account of another.

第888條 依他人命令或代表他人而行為

之效力

行為人之行為係侵權行為者，並不因其行為

係依他人命令或代表他人而實行之事實而

免除行為人之責任。

§ 889. Injury Received While Committing A Tort Or Crime

One is not barred from recovery for an interference with his legally

protected interests merely because at the time of the interference he

was committing a tort or a crime or, in case of an interference with his

title to or possession of lands or chattels, because it was tortious or

illegal for him to have the title or possession.

第889條 實行侵權行為或犯罪行為而受

侵害

法律保護利益受干擾之人，不因行為人干擾

時受干擾之人證實行侵權行為或犯罪行

為，而阻礙其請求賠償；如行為人對其土地

或動產之所有權或占有而干擾者，不因受干

擾之人之取得所有權或占有係侵權行為或

非法，而阻礙其請求賠償。

§ 890. Privileges

One who otherwise would be liable for a tort is not liable if he acts in

pursuance of and within the limits of a privilege of his own or of a

privilege of another that was properly delegated to him.

第891條 免責之特殊權利

行為人就一侵權行為原應負責者，如其行為

係基於其得享有之免責特殊權利，且其行為

於該免責特殊權利之範圍內，或其行為係他

人基於之免責特殊權利而適當地委讓於

他，且其行為於該免責特殊權利之範圍內，

行為人毋須負責。

§ 891. Delegability Of Privileges

(1) When a person is privileged to act because of the consent of

another, his power to delegate the doing of the act depends upon

the interpretation of the consent.

(2) When a conditional privilege is not based upon consent, the

performance of the privileged act can be delegated to another if

the purpose for which the privilege was created can be adequately

served by its delegation.

第891條 免責特殊權利之委讓性

(1) 行為人因他人之同意而有行為之免責特

殊權利者，該行為人是否有委讓免責特

殊權利之權，依該同意之解釋而定。

(2) 附條件之免責特殊權利非基於同意者，

免責特殊權利之行為之履行，如形成該

免責特殊權利之目的得因委讓而充分的

達成時，得委讓之。

§ 892. Meaning Of Consent

(1) Consent is willingness in fact for conduct to occur. It may be

manifested by action or inaction and need not be communicated to

the actor.

(2) If words or conduct are reasonably understood by another to be

intended as consent, they constitute apparent consent and are as

effective as consent in fact.

第892條 同意之意義

(1) 同意者係指，意願行為發生之對外顯

示。同意得以作為或不作為表達，且毋

須向行為人傳達。

(2) 如語言或行為得由他人合理瞭解為意圖

同意者，該語言或行為構成「表面上顯

示其為同意」，而與對外顯示之事實上

同意，有同樣之效力。

§ 892A. Effect Of Consent

(1) One who effectively consents to conduct of another intended to

invade his interests cannot recover in an action of tort for the

conduct or for harm resulting from it.

(2) To be effective, consent must be

(a) by one who has the capacity to consent or by a person

empowered to consent for him, and

(b) to the particular conduct, or to substantially the same conduct.

(3) Conditional consent or consent restricted as to time, area or in

other respects is effective only within the limits of the condition or

restriction.

(4) If the actor exceeds the consent, it is not effective for the excess.

(5) Upon termination of consent its effectiveness is terminated, except

as it may have become irrevocable by contract or otherwise, or

except as its terms may include, expressly or by implication, a

privilege to continue to act.

第892A條 同意之效力

(1) 就他人之意圖侵犯其利益之行為，給予

有效之同意者，不得就該行為或該行為

而致之傷害，提起侵權行為訴訟而請求

賠償。

(2) 有效之同意係指

(a) 有同一能力之人或經授權代理作成

同意之人所作之同意；並且

(b) 就特定行為而作之同意；或就實質

上相同之行為而作之同意。

(3) 附條件之同意，或同意就時間、地區或

其他方面設有限制者，該同意之有效性

僅限於該條件或限制之範圍內。

(4) 行為人逾越同意之範圍者，就逾越部

分，同意無效力。

(5) 同意之終止，其效力亦終止，但同意因

契約或其他原因便成不可撤銷，或同意

之條款明示或默示包括得繼續行為之免

責特殊權利者，不在此限。

§ 892B. Consent Under Mistake, Misrepresentation Or

Duress

(1) Except as stated in Subsection (2), consent to conduct of another is

effective for all consequences of the conduct and for the invasion

of any interests resulting from it.

(2) If the person consenting to the conduct of another is induced to

consent by a substantial mistake concerning the nature of the

invasion of his interests or the extent of the harm to be expected

from it and the mistake is known to the other or is induced by the

other's misrepresentation, the consent is not effective for the

unexpected invasion or harm.

(3) Consent is not effective if it is given under duress.

第892B條 錯誤、不實說明或脅迫之同

意

(1) 除本條第2項規定外，就他人行為之同

意，對於該行為之所有結果及因該行為

而致任何利益之侵犯，均有效力。

(2) 如一人之就他人行為之同意，係因有關

侵犯其利益之本質或該他人行為預料之

傷害之程度，有重大之錯誤，且該錯誤

為該他人所知悉，或因他人之不實說明

而誘使者，該同意就未預料之侵害或傷

害，不生效力。

(3) 同意係於脅迫下而給予者，該同意不生

效力。

§ 892C. Consent To Crime

(1) Except as stated in Subsection (2), consent is effective to bar

recovery in a tort action although the conduct consented to is a

crime.

(2) If conduct is made criminal in order to protect a certain class of

persons irrespective of their consent, the consent of members of

that class to the conduct is not effective to bar a tort action.

第892C條 犯罪之同意

(1) 除本條第2項規定外，縱然一人同意之行

為係犯罪行為，亦有阻礙於侵權行為訴

訟請求賠償之效力。

(2) 如行為之訂定為犯罪行為，係為保護特

定類級之人，且不論該受保護類級之人

是否同意，不影響其為犯罪行為者，該

受保護類級之人之就行為同意，不阻礙

侵權行為訴訟(請求賠償)。

§ 892D. Emergency Action Without Consent

Conduct that injures another does not make the actor liable to the

第892D條 未經同意之緊急行動

行為致侵害他人，縱然該他人為就行為給予

other, even though the other has not consented to it if

(a) an emergency makes it necessary or apparently necessary, in order

to prevent harm to the other, to act before there is opportunity to

obtain consent from the other or one empowered to consent for

him, and

(b) the actor has no reason to believe that the other, if he had the

opportunity to consent, would decline.

同意，如符合下列規定，行為人毋須對該他

人負責任：

(a) 緊急情況致為保護該他人，於取得該他

人同意之前或經授權代表該他人同意之

人之同意之前，有必要作為或表面上顯

示有作為之必要；並且

(b) 行為人無理由相信，該他人如有機會表

示同意而拒絕同意。

§ 893. Voluntary Exposure To Risk As A Defense

[The Section is omitted. The matter is now covered by Chapter 17A,

§§ 496A-496G.]

第893條 自願暴露於危險之作為抗辯

【本條刪除；有關事項規定於第十七A 章

第496A 條至第496G 條】

§ 894. Equitable Estoppel As A Defense

(1) If one person makes a definite misrepresentation of fact to another

person having reason to believe that the other will rely upon it and

the other in reasonable reliance upon it does an act that would not

constitute a tort if the misrepresentation were true, the first person

is not entitled

(a) to maintain an action of tort against the other for the act, or

(b) to regain property or its value that the other acquired by the

act, if the other in reliance upon the misrepresentation and

before discovery of the truth has so changed his position that it

would be unjust to deprive him of that which he thus acquired.

(2) If one realizes that another because of his mistaken belief of fact is

about to do an act that would not be tortious if the facts were as

the other believes them to be, he is not entitled to maintain an

action of tort for the act if he could easily inform the other of his

mistake but makes no effort to do so.

第894條 衡平禁反言作為抗辯

(1) 如一人向他人作確定之事實之不實說明

而該人有理由相信該他人將仰賴其說明

者，該他人之合理仰賴其說明，並做一

行為而該行為如不實說明為真實，不構

成侵權行為時，該人不得

(a) 就該他人之行為，以該他人為被告而

提起侵權行為訴訟；或

(b) 就該他人之行為而取得之財產，請求

返還該財產或其價值。惟該他人須仰

賴該不實說明，且於發現真相前，已

改變其立場；如准許請求返還該財產

或其價值，將剝奪該他人所取得之財

產而為不公平。

(2) 如一人認知他人之錯誤相信有關事實，

認為依其所相信之事實而作之行為不構

成侵權行為者，該人得輕易通知該他人

之錯誤(相信)，卻怠於通知該他人，不得

就該他人之行為，提起侵權行為訴訟。

§ 895. Rights Of Third Persons—Jus Tertii

(1) Except as stated in Subsections (2) and (3), one who is otherwise

liable to another for harm to or interference with land or a chattel

is not relieved of the liability because a third person has a legally

protected interest in the land or chattel superior to that of the other.

(2) The tortfeasor is relieved of all liability when a third person who

would be entitled to recover all of the damages for the tort has

(a) authorized or adopted the tortious act, or

(b) discharged the tortfeasor by settlement, release, satisfaction

of judgment or otherwise.

(3) The tortfeasor is partially relieved from liability to the extent that a

第895條 第三人之權利

(1) 除本條第2項、第3項規定外，一人須對

他人就土地或動產之傷害，或就土地或

動產之干擾，負責任者，並不因第三人

對於該土地或動產，有較優於該他人之

法律保護利益，而免除其責任。

(2) 如第三人就該侵權行為有請求賠償所有

損失之權利，而該第三人作下列之行為

之ㄧ者，侵權行為人免除其所有之責任。

(a) 該第三人授權或採納該侵權行為；或

(b) 該第三人因和解、調解、免除責任、

判決之執行(滿足)或其他原因而使

侵權行為人毋須對再負責任。

(3) 如第三人就該侵權行為有請求賠償部分

third person who would be entitled to recover only a part of the

damages for the tort has

(a) authorized or adopted the tortious act, or

(b) discharged the tortfeasor by settlement, release, satisfaction of

judgment or otherwise.

之損失之權利，如該第三人作下列之行

為之ㄧ者，侵權行為人就該第三人得請

求賠償之範圍內，免除其責任：

(a) 該第三人授權或採納該侵權行為；

或

(b) 該第三人因和解、調解、免除責任、

判決之執行(滿足)或其他原因而使

侵權行為人毋須(再)負責任。

Chapter 45A. Immunities

§ 895A. The United States

(1) Except to the extent that the United States consents both to suit

and to tort liability, it and its agencies are immune to the liability.

(2) Statutory provisions give the requisite consent to suit and liability

for many types of tortious conduct.

第四十五章A章 豁免權

第895A條 美國(聯邦政府)

(1) 除美國聯邦就訴訟及侵權行為責任同意

之範圍之外，美國聯邦及其機構免負責

任。

(2) 就多種之侵權行為之態樣，美國聯邦對

於訴訟及責任之必要之同意，得依成文

法規定之。

§ 895B. States

(1) A State and its governmental agencies are not subject to suit

without the consent of the State.

(2) Except to the extent that a State declines to give consent to tort

liability, it and its governmental agencies are subject to the

liability.

(3) Even when a State is subject to tort liability, it and its

governmental agencies are immune to the liability for acts and

omissions constituting

(a) the exercise of a judicial or legislative function, or

(b) the exercise of an administrative function involving the

determination of fundamental governmental policy.

(4) Consent to suit and repudiation of general tort immunity do not

establish liability for an act or omission that is otherwise

privileged or is not tortious.

第895B條 州

(1) 一州及其政府機構非經州之同意，不得

為訴訟之對象(被告)。

(2) 除一州拒絕就侵權行為責任給予同意之

範圍外，該州及其政府機構應對侵權行

為責任負責，該州及其政府機構應對侵

權行為責任負責。

(3) 縱然一州應就侵權行為責任負責，該州

及其政府機構就行使下列功能之作為及

不作為，毋須負責任：

(a) 作為或不作為係行使司法或立法功

能；或

(b) 作為或不作為係行使行政功能之牽

涉決定重大政府政策者。

(4) 同意訴訟及廢棄一般侵權行為豁免權

者，並未因而致一作為或不作為之原非

侵權行為，或其他原因而享有免責特殊

權利者，形成責任。

§ 895C. Local Government Entities

(1) Except as stated in Subsection (2), a local government entity is not

immune from tort liability.

(2) A local governmental entity is immune from tort liability for acts

and omissions constituting

(a) the exercise of a legislative or judicial function, and

(b) the exercise of an administrative function involving the

第895C條 地方政府組織

(1) 除本條第2項規定外，地方政府組織就

侵權行為責任，無豁免權。

(2) 地方政府組織就做為或不作為係行使

下列功能者，就侵權行為責任，有豁免

權：

(a) 作為或不作為係行使司法或立法

功能；或

(b) 作或不作為係行使行政功能之牽

determination of fundamental governmental policy.

(3) Repudiation of general tort immunity does not establish liability

for an act or omission that is otherwise privileged or is not

tortious.

涉決定重大政府政策者。

(3) 廢棄一般侵權行為豁免權者，並未因而

致一作為或不作為之原非侵權行為，或

其他原因而享有免責特殊權利，形成責

任。

§ 895D. Public Officers

(1) Except as provided in this Section a public officer is not immune

from tort liability.

(2) A public officer acting within the general scope of his authority is

immune from tort liability for an act or omission involving the

exercise of a judicial or legislative function.

(3) A public officer acting within the general scope of his authority is

not subject to tort liability for an administrative act or omission if

(a) he is immune because engaged in the exercise of a

discretionary function,

(b) he is privileged and does not exceed or abuse the privilege, or

(c) his conduct was not tortious because he was not negligent in

the performance of his responsibility.

第895D條 公務員

(1) 除本條規定外，公務員就侵權行為責

任，無豁免權。

(2) 公務員之作為或不作為牽涉行使司法或

立法功能，而該做為或不作為係於其權

限一般範圍內者，就侵權行為之責任，

有豁免權。

(3) 公務員之行政作為或不作為，符合下列

規定情形之ㄧ，且該做為或不作為係於

其權限一般範圍內者，就侵權行為責

任，毋須負責：

(a) 因其做為或不作為係行使有自由裁

量權之功能，而有豁免權；或

(b) 享有免責之特殊權利，而未逾越或

濫用該免責特殊權利；或

(c) 因其履行責任無過失，其行為並非

侵權行為。

§ 895E. Charities

One engaged in a charitable, educational, religious or benevolent

enterprise or activity is not for that reason immune from tort liability.

第895E條 慈善(事業)

從事慈善、教育、宗教、仁慈事業或活動之

人，並未因其從事該事業或活動，而對侵權

行為責任享有豁免權。

§ 895F. Husband And Wife

(1) A husband or wife is not immune from tort liability to the other

solely by reason of that relationship.

(2) Repudiation of general tort immunity does not establish liability

for an act or omission that, because of the marital relationship, is

otherwise privileged or is not tortious.

第895F條 夫與妻

(1) 夫或妻對於其配偶，並未僅因婚姻關

係，而對侵權行為責任享有豁免權。

(2) 廢棄一般侵權行為豁免權者，並未因而

致一作為之因婚姻關係，原非侵權行為

或因其他原因而享有免責特殊權利者，

形成責任。

§ 895G. Parent And Child

(1) A parent or child is not immune from tort liability to the other

solely by reason of that relationship.

(2) Repudiation of general tort immunity does not establish liability

for an act or omission that, because of the parent-child

relationship, is otherwise privileged or is not tortious.

第895G條 父母與未成年子女

(1) 父、母或(未成年)子女相互間，並未僅因

父母子女關係，而對侵權行為責任享有

豁免權。

(2) 一作為或不作為之因父母子女關係，原

即非侵權行為或因其他原因而享有免責

特殊權力者，廢棄一般侵權行為豁免

權，並未因而形成責任。

§ 895H. Siblings And Other Kin

Brothers and sisters or other kin are not immune from tort liability to

one another by reason of that relationship.

第895H條 兄弟姐妹與其他親屬

兄弟、姐妹或其他親屬相互間，並未因此種

關係，而對侵權行為責任享有豁免權。

§ 895I. Infants

One who is an infant is not immune from tort liability solely for that

reason unless the liability depends upon the enforceability of a

contractual promise that the infant is privileged to disaffirm.

第895I條 未成年人

未成年不得僅因其為未成年人，而對侵權行

為責任享有豁免權。但其責任係依據契約承

認之可執行性，而未成年就該契約承諾有撤

銷之權者，不在此限。

§ 895J. Deficient Mental Capacity

One who has deficient mental capacity is not immune from tort

liability solely for that reason.

第895J條 心神不足

心神不足之人不得僅因其心神不足，而對侵

權行為責任享有豁免權。

Chapter 46. Discharge

§ 896. Election Of Remedies

It is not a defense to an action of tort that the plaintiff has previously

instituted proceedings inconsistent with the claim now made, unless

circumstances have so changed that it would be unjust to allow the

present claim.

第四十六章 侵權行為責任之消滅

第896條 救濟方式之選擇

原告先前曾提起與本次訴訟請求不符合之

訴訟，(被告)不得已之作為侵權行為之抗

辯，但情境已有重大變遷，如准許本次訴訟

請求，將不公平者，不在此限。

§ 897. Merger In Judgment

A cause of action for a tort may be terminated by its merger in a valid

judgment for the plaintiff.

第897條 合併於一判決

一侵權行為之訴訟原因，得因其合併於有利

於原告之有效判決而終止。

§ 898. Bar By Judgment

A cause of action for a tort may be terminated because it is barred by

a previous valid judgment for the defendant.

第898條 因(有效)判決而受阻礙

一侵權行為之訴訟原因，得因其受有利於被

告之先前有效判決之阻礙而終止。

§ 899. Statutes Of Limitations

A cause of action for a tort may be barred through lapse of time

because of the provisions of a statute of limitations.

第899條 消滅時效

一侵權行為之訴訟原因，得因消滅時效之成

文法所規定之期間之經過而受阻礙。

§ 900. Termination By Other Events

(1) A cause of action for a tort may be discharged by

第900條 因其他事故而終止

(1) 一侵權行為之訴訟原因，得因下列規定

(a) the death of either party, in the absence of a statute providing

for survival of the cause of action;

(b) satisfaction, or a release or contract not to sue; or

(c) the discharge in bankruptcy of the tortfeasor.

(2) A cause of action for a tort is not discharged by the marriage of the

parties.

情形之一而消滅：

(a) 如無成文法規定訴訟原因之繼受，而

當事人之一方死亡。

(b) 侵 權 行 為 責 任經滿足( 執行而滿

足)、受害人之免除責任，或契約之

約定不提起訴訟。

(c) 侵權行為人之破產(而消滅)

(2) 一侵權行為之訴訟原因，不因當事人之

結婚而消滅。

Division 13. Remedies

Chapter 47. Damages

Topic 1. General Statements

§ 901. General Principle

The rules for determining the measure of damages in tort are based

upon the purposes for which actions of tort are maintainable. These

purposes are:

(a) to give compensation, indemnity or restitution for harms;

(b) to determine rights;

(c) to punish wrongdoers and deter wrongful conduct; and

(d) to vindicate parties and deter retaliation or violent and unlawful

self-help.

第拾叁章 救濟

第四十七章 賠償

第一節 總則

第901條 一般原則

決定侵權行為賠償之計算方式之法律原

則，乃依侵權行為之訴訟目的。該目的為：

(a) 所受傷害之賠償，或回復原狀；

(b) 決定權利；

(c) 懲罰不法行為人及阻止不法行為；

(d) 辨明當事人之權義、阻遏報復、暴亂或

不合法自我救助。

§ 902. Damages—Definition

“Damages” means a sum of money awarded to a person injured by the

tort of another.

第902條 賠償-定義

「賠償」係指因他人之侵權行為而對受害人

給予之金錢數額(金額)。

§ 903. Compensatory Damages—Definition

“Compensatory damages” are the damages awarded to a person as

compensation, indemnity or restitution for harm sustained by him.

第903條 損害賠償-定義

「損害賠償」係指對受害人所受傷害之填

補、回復原狀而給予之金額。

§ 904. General And Special Damages

(1) “General damages” are compensatory damages for a harm so

frequently resulting from the tort that is the basis of the action that

the existence of the damages is normally to be anticipated and

hence need not be alleged in order to be proved.

(2) “Special damages” are compensatory damages for a harm other

than one for which general damages are given.

第904條 一般賠償與特別賠償

(1) 「一般賠償」為一侵權行為經常發生，

且通常該侵權行為訴訟之基礎之傷害，

所預期之損害賠償，因而無須聲明而特

予證明。

(2) 「特別賠償」為一般賠償對象之傷害以

外之傷害而給予之賠償。

§ 905. Compensatory Damages For Nonpecuniary Harm 第905條 非金錢傷害之損害賠償

Compensatory damages that may be awarded without proof of

pecuniary loss include compensation

(a) for bodily harm, and

(b) for emotional distress.

無須證明金錢損失而准許給予之損害賠

償，包括

(a)身體傷害之損害賠償。

(b)精神痛苦之損害賠償。

§ 906. Compensatory Damages For Pecuniary Harm

Compensatory damages that will not be awarded without proof of

pecuniary loss include compensation for

(a) harm to property,

(b) harm to earning capacity, and

(c) the creation of liabilities.

第906條 金錢傷害之損害賠償

非經證明有金錢損失，不准給予之損害賠

償，包括下列傷害之損害賠償：

(a)財產傷害之損害賠償；

(b)賺錢能力傷害之損害賠償；及

(c)發生責任之損害賠償。

§ 907. Nominal Damages

Nominal damages are a trivial sum of money awarded to a litigant

who has established a cause of action but has not established that he is

entitled to compensatory damages.

第907條 名義上之賠償

「名義上之賠償」係對於提起訴訟之人之證

明其有訴訟原因，但無法證明其為有損害賠

償權之人而給予之些微數額之金錢。

§ 908. Punitive Damages

(1) Punitive damages are damages, other than compensatory or

nominal damages, awarded against a person to punish him for his

outrageous conduct and to deter him and others like him from

similar conduct in the future.

(2) Punitive damages may be awarded for conduct that is outrageous,

because of the defendant's evil motive or his reckless indifference

to the rights of others. In assessing punitive damages, the trier of

fact can properly consider the character of the defendant's act, the

nature and extent of the harm to the plaintiff that the defendant

caused or intended to cause and the wealth of the defendant.

第908條 懲罰性賠償

(1) 「懲罰性賠償」為損害賠償及名義上之

賠償以外之賠償，係為懲罰極端無理行

為之人而作之賠償，且亦為阻遏該人及

其他人，於未來從事類似之行為而作之

賠償。

(2) 懲罰性賠償得因被告之惡性動機、魯莽

棄置他人權利於無顧之極端無理行為而

給予。於評估懲罰性賠償之金額，事實

之審理者得適當考慮被告行為之性質、

被告行為所致或意圖致原告所受傷害之

本質及程度、被告之財富。

§ 909. Punitive Damages Against A Principal

Punitive damages can properly be awarded against a master or other

principal because of an act by an agent if, but only if,

(a) the principal or a managerial agent authorized the doing and the

manner of the act, or

(b) the agent was unfit and the principal or a managerial agent was

reckless in employing or retaining him, or

(c) the agent was employed in a managerial capacity and was acting

in the scope of employment, or

(d) the principal or a managerial agent of the principal ratified or

approved the act.

第909條 對本人所施加之懲罰性賠償

就代理人之行為，如符合下列規定之一，但

也僅限於符合下列規定之一者，得對僱用人

或其他之本人，處以懲罰性賠償：

(a) 本人或有管理權之代理人就行為或其行

為方式授權。

(b) 代理人不適於工作，本人或有管理權之

代理人魯莽棄置該不適於工作於不顧而

僱用或保留該代理人。

(c) 代理人以有管理能力而受僱用，且於其

職務範圍內而行為。

(d) 本人或有本人之有管理權之人批准獲准

許該行為。

§ 910. Damages For Past, Present And Prospective Harms

One injured by the tort of another is entitled to recover damages from

the other for all harm, past, present and prospective, legally caused by

the tort.

第910條 就過去、當前及未來傷害之賠

償

因他人之侵權行為而受侵害之人，得向該他

人就該侵權行為所致過去、當前及未來傷

害，請求賠償。

§ 911. Value

(1) As used in this Chapter, value means exchange value or the value

to the owner if this is greater than the exchange value.

(2) The exchange value of property or services is the amount of

money for which the subject matter could be exchanged or

procured if there is a market continually resorted to by traders, or

if no market exists, the amount that could be obtained in the usual

course of finding a purchaser or hirer of similar property or

services. The rental value of property is the exchange value of the

use of the property.

第911條 價值

(1) 於本章，「價值」係指交易價值，或如

對所有人之價值大於交易價值時之對所

有人之價值。

(2) 財產或勞務之交易價值係指有商人市場

持續存在而得交易獲取得該財產或勞務

之金額；如無市場存在，財產或交易價

值係指於尋得一買主或僱主為類似財產

或勞務所能取得之金額。財產之租賃價

值係指該財產使用之交易價值。

§ 912. Certainty

One to whom another has tortiously caused harm is entitled to

compensatory damages for the harm if, but only if, he establishes by

proof the extent of the harm and the amount of money representing

adequate compensation with as much certainty as the nature of the tort

and the circumstances permit.

第912條 確定

因他人侵權行為而受侵害之人，就其所受傷

害有請求損害賠償之權，惟須於，但也僅須

於，依該侵權行為之本質及情勢所准許之確

定而負舉證責任，並證明確定知該傷害之程

度及完全賠償之金額。

§ 913. Interest

(1) Except when the plaintiff can and does elect the restitutional

measure of recovery, he is entitled to interest upon the amount

found due

(a) for the taking or detention of land, chattels or other subjects of

property, or the destruction of any legally protected interest in

them, when the valuation can be ascertained from established

market prices, from the time adopted for their valuation to the

time of judgment, or

(b) except as stated in Subsection (2), for other harms to

pecuniary interests from the time of the accrual of the cause of

action to the time of judgment, if the payment of interest is

required to avoid an injustice.

(2) Interest is not allowed upon an amount found due for bodily harm,

for emotional distress or for injury to reputation, but the time that

has elapsed between the harm and the trial can be considered in

determining the amount of damages.

第913條 利息

(1) 除原告能，且實際選擇(以被告所得利益

為基礎之)回復原狀之賠償方式外，原告

得就下列規定之金額之利息，請求給予：

(a) 持有或取走土地、動產或其他財產，

或毀損上列財產之保護利益，而其價

值得依以存在之市場價值而確定

者，該利息之計算方式為從採納計算

其價值時起至判決時為止。

(b) 除本條第2項規定外，就金錢利益之

傷害之利息，其准予利息之交付係為

避免不公平者，該利息之計算方式為

從訴訟原因形成時起至判決時為止。

(2) 就身體傷害、精神痛苦或名譽侵害，不

得請求利息之支付，但自傷害發生至案

件之審理已經過相當期間者，得將時間

列為決定賠償金額之因素。

§ 913A. Present Worth Of Future Pecuniary Losses 第913A條 未來金錢損失之現在價值

The measure of a lump-sum award for future pecuniary losses arising

from a tort is the present worth of the full amount of the loss of what

would have been received at the later time.

就一侵權行為而治未來金錢損失而做一次

總額判定之計算方式為，被害人於未來將收

受之損失總額之目前價值。

§ 914. Expense Of Litigation

(1) The damages in a tort action do not ordinarily include

compensation for attorney fees or other expenses of the litigation.

(2) One who through the tort of another has been required to act in the

protection of his interests by bringing or defending an action

against a third person is entitled to recover reasonable

compensation for loss of time, attorney fees and other

expenditures thereby suffered or incurred in the earlier action.

第914條 訴訟費用

(1) 侵權行為訴訟之賠償，通常不包括律師

費用及其他訴訟費用之損害賠償。

(2) 因他人之侵權行為而為保護自己利益而

提起以第三人為被告之訴訟，或被第三

人提起訴訟而抗辯者，就其時間之花

費、律師費用及其他訴訟費用，得請求

合理之賠償。

§ 914A. Effect Of Taxation

(1) The amount of an award of tort damages is not augmented or

diminished because of the fact that the award is or is not subject to

taxation.

(2) The amount of an award of tort damages is ordinarily not

diminished because of the fact that although the award is not itself

taxed, all or a part of it is to compensate for the loss of future

benefits that would have been subject to taxation.

第914A條 賦稅之效力

(1) 侵權行為之賠償金額，不因該賠償金額

是否受稅賦課徵而增加或減少。

(2) 侵權行為之賠償金額雖無稅賦課徵，但

其賠償金額之全部或一部係損失之賠

償，而該未來利益原應受稅賦課徵者，

該賠償金額通常亦未因而增加或減少。

§ 915. Intended Consequences

[The Section is omitted. The matter is now covered by § 435A.]

第915條 意圖之結果

【本條刪除；有關事項規定於第435A條】

§ 916. Unintended Consequences Of Intentional Invasions

[The Section is omitted. The matter is now covered by § 435B.]

第916條 非意圖之結果

【本條刪除；有關事項規定於第435B條】

§ 917. Harms Resulting From Tortious Conduct

One who tortiously harms the person or property of another is subject

to liability for damages for the consequences of the harm in

accordance with the rules on whether the conduct is a legal cause of

the consequences.

第917條 侵權行為而致之傷害

因侵權行為而致他人身體或財產受傷害

者，有依據其侵權行為是否為結果(後果)之

法律原因之法律規定，則就其傷害之結果，

負賠償之責任。

Topic 2. Diminution Of Damages

§ 918. Avoidable Consequences

(1) Except as stated in Subsection (2), one injured by the tort of

another is not entitled to recover damages for any harm that he

could have avoided by the use of reasonable effort or expenditure

after the commission of the tort.

第二節 賠償之減少

第918條 可避免之結果

(1) 除本條第2項規定外，因他人之侵權行為

受侵害之人，就侵權行為實行後，以合

理努力或費用得避免之傷害，不得請求

賠償。

(2) One is not prevented from recovering damages for a particular

harm resulting from a tort if the tortfeasor intended the harm or

was aware of it and was recklessly disregardful of it, unless the

injured person with knowledge of the danger of the harm

intentionally or heedlessly failed to protect his own interests.

(2) 就侵權行為人之故意所致之特別傷害或

侵權行為人知悉該傷害而魯莽棄置不顧

而致之傷害，受害人之請求賠償權並不

因而受阻礙。但受害人知悉故意傷害之

危險，或疏忽怠於保護其自身利益者，

不在此限。

§ 919. Harm Suffered And Expenditures Made In Efforts

To Avert Harm

(1) One whose legally protected interests have been endangered by

the tortious conduct of another is entitled to recover for

expenditures reasonably made or harm suffered in a reasonable

effort to avert the harm threatened.

(2) One who has already suffered injury by the tort of another is

entitled to recover for expenditures reasonably made or harm

suffered in a reasonable effort to avert further harm.

第919條 為避免傷害而致之傷害及費用

(1) 其法律保護利益因他人之侵權行為受威

脅，以合理努力避免該傷害而致之合理

費用或傷害，得請求賠償。

(2) 已因他人侵權行為而受侵害之人，為避

免其後之傷害之合理努力而致之合理費

用或傷害，得請求賠償。

§ 920. Benefit To Plaintiff Resulting From Defendant's Tort

When the defendant's tortious conduct has caused harm to the plaintiff

or to his property and in so doing has conferred a special benefit to the

interest of the plaintiff that was harmed, the value of the benefit

conferred is considered in mitigation of damages, to the extent that

this is equitable.

第920條 被告之侵權行為而致原告之受

利益

被告之侵權行為致原告或其財產受傷害，但

也因而致原告受有利益者，該利益之價值，

應於衡平範圍內，考慮自賠償金額減免之。

§ 921. Provocation

Compensatory damages are not diminished by the fact that the injured

person provoked the tortfeasor; but the provocation is considered in

determining the allowance and amount of punitive damages.

第921條 激憤

受害人激怒侵權行為人者，並不因而減少損

害賠償之金額，但激怒為決定是否准許給予

懲罰金及其金額之考慮因素。

§ 922. Return Or Tender Of Return Of Converted Chattel

(1) The amount of damages for the conversion of a chattel is

diminished by its recovery or acceptance by a person entitled to its

possession.

(2) The amount of damages may, in the discretion of the court, be

diminished by a tender of return of the chattel to one entitled to its

possession if

(a) it was converted in good faith and under a reasonable mistake,

and

(b) its value to the one entitled to possession is not substantially

impaired, and

(c) the tender is made promptly after discovery of the mistake and

is kept open.

第922條 強占之動產之返還或返還之提

出

(1) 強占動產之賠償金額，因有占有權者之

尋回或返還之經有占有權者所受領而減

少。

(2) 強占之動產向有占有權者作返還之提

出，於符合下列規定時，賠償金額得依

法官之自由裁量而減少。

(a) 其強占係善意，且係合理之錯誤；且

(b) 該動產之價值，對於有占有權者，無

重大之傷害；且

(c) 於發現錯誤後，及作動產返還之提

出，且向大眾之公開。

§ 923. Payment Of Debt By Tortfeasor

A tortfeasor cannot diminish the amount of recovery by paying a debt

of the injured person without the latter's consent, unless

(a) the damages recoverable against the tortfeasor would include the

amount of the debt, or

(b) the payment of the debt was made unofficiously from the proceeds

of the property of the injured person for the value of which suit is

brought.

第923條 侵權行為人之清償債務

侵權行為人之未經受侵害人同意而代為清

償受侵害人之債務，不得減免賠償金額，但

有下列規定情形之一者不在此限：

(a) 向侵權行為人請求賠償之金額，包括該

債務金額。

(b) 債務金額係從該侵權行為訴訟請求之受

害人之財產經轉換為金額支出。

Topic 3. Compensatory Damages For Specific Types Of

Harm

§ 924. Harm To The Person

One whose interests of personality have been tortiously invaded is

entitled to recover damages for past or prospective

(a) bodily harm and emotional distress;

(b) loss or impairment of earning capacity;

(c) reasonable medical and other expenses; and

(d) harm to property or business caused by the invasion.

第三節 就特種態樣傷害之損害賠償

第924條 對人之傷害

對人之傷害，得就下列規定請求賠償

(a)過去或預期之身體或精神傷害；

(b)過去或預期之謀生能力之喪失或傷害；

(c)過去或預期之合理醫療或其他費用；

(d)過去或預期之財產或營業之侵犯。

§ 925. Actions For Causing Death

The measure of damages for causing the death of another depends

upon the wording of the statute creating the right of action and its

interpretation.

第925條 致人於死之訴訟

致他人於死亡之賠償計算方式，依據創設該

訴訟權利之成文法之文字及解釋。

§ 926. Survival Of Tort Actions

Under statutes providing for the survival or revival of tort actions, the

damages for a tort not involving death for which the tortfeasor is

responsible are not affected by the death of either party before or

during trial, except that

(a) the death of the injured person limits recovery for damages for

loss or impairment of earning capacity, emotional distress and all

other harms, to harms suffered before the death, and

(b) the death of the tortfeasor terminates liability for punitive

damages.

第926條 侵權行為訴訟之繼受

成文法規定就侵權行為訴訟之准予繼受，未

牽涉死亡之侵權行為之損害賠償，不因於訴

訟前或訴訟進行中當事人一方之死亡而受

影響，但有下列規定情形者，不在此限：

(a) 如受害人於訴訟前或訴訟進行中死亡

者，其謀生能力之喪失或傷害、精神痛

苦或所有其他傷害之賠償，僅限於受害

人死亡前所遭受者為限；且

(b) 如侵權行為人死亡，懲罰性賠償責任亦

因而消滅。

§ 927. Conversion Or Destruction Of A Thing Or Of A

Legally Protected Interest In It

(1) When one is entitled to a judgment for the conversion of a chattel

or the destruction or impairment of any legally protected interest

in land or other thing, he may recover either

第927條 物之強占、毀損或務之法律保

護利益之侵害

(1) 就動產之強占、動產之毀損或土地、其

他物之保護利益之侵害，得請求下列之

賠償：

(a) the value of the subject matter or of his interest in it at the

time and place of the conversion, destruction or impairment;

or

(b) in the case of commodities of fluctuating value customarily

traded on an exchange to which traders customarily resort, the

higest replacement value of the commodity within a

reasonable period during which he might have replaced it.

(2) His damages also include:

(a) the additional value of a chattel due to additions or

improvements made by a converter not in good faith;

(b) the amount of any further pecuniary loss of which the

deprivation has been a legal cause;

(c) interest from the time at which the value is fixed; and

(d) compensation for the loss of use not otherwise compensated.

(a) 強占、毀損或侵害之侵權行為時，侵

權行為第之動產或利益之價值；或

(b) 如標的物為價值波動甚大之商品，受

害人得買受其替代品之合理期間內

之最高價額。

(2) 受害人之賠償並包括：

(a) 強占人非善意而附加或改善該動產

之增加價值；

(b) 其他剝奪為法律原因之金錢損失；

(c) 確定應賠償價值時起之利息；

(d) 使用之喪失而未經依其他方式補償

時之補償。

§ 928. Harm To Chattels

When one is entitled to a judgment for harm to chattels not amounting

to a total destruction in value, the damages include compensation for

(a) the difference between the value of the chattel before the harm and

the value after the harm or, at his election in an appropriate case,

the reasonable cost of repair or restoration, with due allowance for

any difference between the original value and the value after

repairs, and

(b) the loss of use.

第928條 對動產之傷害

對動產之傷害未致完全毀壞其價值之程度

者，有請求權人之賠償，包括下列之損害賠

償：

(a) 動產受傷害前與受傷害後價值之差額；

或於是當之案件，有請求權人選擇修繕

或重建動產之方式者，修繕或重建之合

理費用，及動產之原價值與經修繕後價

值之差額之適當津貼。

(b) 使用之喪失。

§ 929. Harm To Land From Past Invasions

(1) If one is entitled to a judgment for harm to land resulting from a

past invasion and not amounting to a total destruction of value, the

damages include compensation for

(a) the difference between the value of the land before the harm

and the value after the harm, or at his election in an

appropriate case, the cost of restoration that has been or may

be reasonably incurred,

(b) the loss of use of the land, and

(c) discomfort and annoyance to him as an occupant.

(2) If a thing attached to the land but severable from it is damaged, he

may at his election recover the loss in value to the thing instead of

the damage to the land as a whole.

第929條 先前侵犯土地所致之傷害

(1) 因先前侵犯土地所致之傷害而未致完全

毀損其價值者，其賠償包括下列之損害

賠償：

(a) 土地受傷害前與受傷害後之價值之

差額，或於適當案件經受害人選擇，

其重建之(已支出)費用，或如重建之

合理費用；

(b) 土地使用之損失；

(c) 受害人之以占有人(身分)所遭受之

不舒適與騷擾。

(2) 附著於土地但得分割之物受侵害者，受

害人得選擇賠償該物價值之損失，以取

代土地整體所受損失之賠償方式。

§ 930. Damages For Future Invasions

(1) If one causes continuing or recurrent tortious invasions on the land

of another by the maintenance of a structure or acts or operations

not on the land of the other and it appears that the invasions will

continue indefinitely, the other may at his election recover

第930條 就未來侵犯之賠償

(1) 以維持建造物，作為或操作於其他土地

而致繼續或重複之侵犯他人土地，且顯

示將無限期者，該他人得依其選擇，就

先前侵犯之訴訟請求而同時就未來侵犯

damages for the future invasions in the same action as that for the

past invasions.

(2) If the future invasions would not be enjoined because the

defendant's enterprise is affected with a public interest, the court in

its discretion may rule that the plaintiff must recover for both past

and future invasions in the single action.

(3) The damages for past and prospective invasions of land include

compensation for

(a) the harm caused by invasions prior to the time when the

injurious situation became complete and comparatively

enduring, and

(b) either the decrease in the value of the land caused by the

prospect of the continuance of the invasion measured at the

time when the injurious situation became complete and

comparatively enduring, or the reasonable cost to the plaintiff

of avoiding future invasions.

請求賠償。

(2) 如被告之企業與大眾利益相關，未來之

侵犯不得禁止者，法院得依其自由裁量

而命令原告必須就先前與未來之侵犯，

於一訴訟中請求。

(3) 就先前與預期之侵犯之賠償，包括下列

之損害賠償：

(a) 就侵犯之情勢終止(而相當地持久不

變)之前之侵犯所致之傷害，且

(b) 就侵犯情勢已完成而相當地持久不

變時為準而評估之預期之持續侵犯

而致土地價值之減少，或原告之避免

未來侵犯之合理費用。

§ 931. Detention Or Preventing Use Of Land Or Chattels

If one is entitled to a judgment for the detention of, or for preventing

the use of, land or chattels, the damages include compensation for

(a) the value of the use during the period of detention or prevention or

the value of the use of or the amount paid for a substitute, and

(b) harm to the subject matter or other harm of which the detention is

the legal cause.

第931條 扣留或禁止使用土地或動產

就扣留或禁止使用土地或動產之侵害，賠償

包括下列規定之損害賠償：

(a) 扣留或禁止期間之土地或動產之使用價

值，或其替代物之利用價值或替代物之

支付金額，且

(b) 扣留或禁止使用土地或動產之傷害或扣

留為法律原因之其他傷害。

§ 932. Services Tortiously Obtained

If one is entitled to a judgment against another because the other has

tortiously caused him to render services, the damages include

compensation for

(a) either the value of the services or the loss of earnings by the

plaintiff, and

(b) other elements of harm of which the other's conduct was the legal

cause.

第932條 侵權行為而取得之勞務提供

因他人侵權行為而提供勞務者，其賠償包括

下列規定之損害賠償：

(a) 該勞務之價值或原告之謀生能力之損

失；且

(b) 該他人之行為係法律原因之其他傷害。

Chapter 48. Injunction

Topic 1. Appropriateness Of Injunction

§ 933. Test Of Appropriateness

(1) The availability of an injunction against a committed or threatened

tort depends upon the appropriateness of this remedy as

determined by a comparative appraisal of the factors listed in §

936.

(2) An injunction is not rendered inappropriate as a remedy for tort by

the necessity or advisability of trial by jury on the issues of fact

presented.

第四十八章 禁制令

第一節 禁制令之適當性

第933條 適當性之檢試

(1) 就實行會威脅之侵權行為，是否准予發

布禁制令，應依第936條所列之因素之比

較評估，已決定禁制令救濟方式是否適

當而定。

(2) 就爭執之事時有陪審團審查之必要性或

較妥當之侵權行為，法院以禁制令作為

救濟，並非不適當。

§ 934. Method Of Testing Appropriateness

(1) The appropriateness of an injunction against a tort is determined

by comparing the probable consequences of this remedy if it is

granted with the probable consequences of the alternative

remedies if they are employed.

(2) The applicant for an injunction against tort need not first resort to

other remedies to demonstrate their inadequacy.

第934條 檢試適當性之方法

(1) 就侵權行為所發布之禁制令是否適當，

係將禁制令救濟方式之可能後果與依其

他替代之救濟方式之可能後果，做一比

較而定。

(2) 就侵權行為而請求發布禁制令之聲請

人，無須先行訴諸其他救濟方式，以證

明其他救濟之不完整。

§ 935. Time Of Testing Appropriateness

The appropriateness of an injunction against a tort is determined as of

the time of the order or judgment unless special circumstances

otherwise require.

第935條 檢試適當性之時間

就侵權行為所發布之禁制令是否適當，係以

(法院)作成命令或判決時為準而決定，但有

特殊情勢者，不在此限。

§ 936. Factors In Determining Appropriateness Of

Injunction

(1) The appropriateness of the remedy of injunction against a tort

depends upon a comparative appraisal of all of the factors in the

case, including the following primary factors:

(a) the nature of the interest to be protected,

(b) the relative adequacy to the plaintiff of injunction and of other

remedies,

(c) any unreasonable delay by the plaintiff in bringing suit,

(d) any related misconduct on the part of the plaintiff,

(e) the relative hardship likely to result to defendant if an

injunction is granted and to plaintiff if it is denied,

(f) the interests of third persons and of the public, and

(g) the practicability of framing and enforcing the order or

judgment.

(2) The appropriateness of an interlocutory injunction against a tort is

determined in the light of the factors listed in Subsection (1), as

presented prior to final hearing, but depends primarily upon the

following special factors:

(a) the extent of the threat of irreparable harm to the plaintiff if

the interlocutory injunction is not granted,

(b) the consequences that the interlocutory relief may have upon

the defendant,

(c) the probability that the plaintiff will succeed on the merits,

and

(d) the public interest.

第936條 決定禁制令是否適當之因素

(1) 就侵權行為所發布之禁制令是否適當，

依該案件之所有因素之比較評估而定；

其因素應包括(下列之主要因素)：

(a) 應受保護利益之本質；

(b) 禁制令及其他救濟方式對於原告之

救濟之相對完整；

(c) 原告提起訴訟之任何不合理拖延；

(d) 原告之有關不當行為；

(e) 如准予發布禁制令對於被告，及如駁

斥禁制令對於原告之可能相對困苦；

(f) 第三人及社會大眾之利益；

(g) (禁制令)命令或判決之設計與執行

之實際可行性。

(2) 就侵權行為所發布之中間禁制令是否適

當，應就前項所列之因素之於最後言詞

辯論前提出者，決定之；但主要係就下

列特別因素而定：

(a) 如未准予發布中間禁制令，對於原告

之無可補救之傷害之威脅程度；

(b) 中間禁制令救濟可能對於被告之後

果；

(c) 原告就實質爭執勝訴之可能性；

(d) 公共利益。

§ 937. Nature Of The Interest To Be Protected

The nature of the interest to be protected is one of the factors to be

considered in determining the appropriateness of injunction against tort.

第937條 將受保護利益之本質

於決定侵權行為而發布禁制令是否適當，將

予保護利益之本質為應考慮因素之一。

§ 938. Relative Adequacy Of Remedies

The relative adequacy to the plaintiff of an injunction, as compared

with other available remedies, is one of the factors to be considered in

determining the appropriateness of injunction against tort.

第938條 救濟之相對完整

與其他可能救濟方式相較，禁制令給予原告

之救濟之相對完滿，為決定侵權行為而發布

禁制令是否適當，應考慮因素之一。

§ 939. Laches

Any unreasonable delay by the plaintiff in bringing suit is one of the

factors to be considered in determining the appropriateness of

injunction against tort.

第939條 時效

原告之不合理拖延提起訴訟，為決定侵權行

為而發布禁制令是否適當，應考慮因素之一。

§ 940. Unclean Hands

Any related misconduct on the part of the plaintiff is one of the factors

to be considered in determining the appropriateness of injunction

against tort.

第940條 不清潔手

原告之有關不當行為，為決定侵權行為而發

布禁制令是否適當，應考慮因素之一。

§ 941. Relative Hardship—“Balancing Of Equities”

The relative hardship likely to result to the defendant if an injunction

is granted and to the plaintiff if it is denied, is one of the factors to be

considered in determining the appropriateness of injunction against tort.

第941條 相對的困苦-衡平利益

如准予發布禁制令，可能致被告困苦，予如

拒絕發布禁制令，可能致被告困苦之比較，

為決定侵權行為而發布禁制令是否適當，應

考慮因素之一。

§ 942. Interests Of Third Persons And Of The Public

The interests of third persons and of the public are factors to be

considered in determining the appropriateness of injunction against tort.

第942條 第三人及社會大眾之利益

第三人及社會大眾之利益，為決定侵權行為

而發布禁制令是否適當，應考慮因素之一。

§ 943. Practicability

The practicability of drafting and enforcing an order or judgment for

an injunction is one of the factors to be considered in determining the

appropriateness of injunction against tort.

第943條 實際可行性

作成與執行禁制令之命令或判決之實際可

行性，為決定侵權行為而發布禁制令是否適

當，應考慮因素之一。

Topic 2. Relative Adequacy Of Other Remedies In

Comparison With Injunction

§ 944. Relative Adequacy Of Damages

(1)The relative adequacy of the damage remedy for tort as compared

with the remedy of injunction, depends, insofar as its

compensatory function is concerned, upon

第二節 與禁制令相較之其他救濟之相對完整

第944條 賠償之相對完整

(1)與禁制令相較，侵權行為之賠償救濟之

相對完整，就其損害賠償功能而言，依

下列因素而定：

(a) the nature of the interests harmed,

(b) the effects of the rules of law governing the measure of

damages,

(c) the availability and persuasiveness of evidence bearing upon

the assessment of damages,

(d) the effects of resort to measures of self-help,

(e) the cost of assessing damages, and, in the case of repeated or

continuing torts, the cost of a multiplicity of suits,

(f) the collectibility of the judgment, and

(g) other pertinent factors

(2)In a situation in which its compensatory function is defective, the

damage remedy may still be regarded as relatively adequate on the

basis of its declaratory, emotional and punitive functions.

(a) 受傷害之利益之本質；

(b) 規定賠償方式之法律規則之效力；

(c) 有關評估賠償之證據之現有可得性

及說服性；

(d) 自力救助方式之效力；

(e) 評估賠償之費用，及重複或持續侵權

行為時，多重訴訟之費用；

(f) 判決之執行而取得滿足(清償)之可

能性；

(g) 其他中肯因素。

(2)如期賠償功能有缺陷之情形，本於其宣

示、金神或懲罰功能，賠償方式可能仍

得視為相對完整。

§ 945. Relative Adequacy Of Remedies For The Recovery Of The Possession Of Land

The relative adequacy of a remedy, other than injunction, for the recovery of the possession of land depends upon:

(a) the extent to which actual possession can be obtained by means of the remedy and

(b) the relative adequacy of the remedy for damages.

第945條 對土地占有之賠償救濟之相對完整

就土地占有之禁制令以外之一救濟是否相對完整，應依下列因素：

(a) 依該救濟方式實際占有可取得之程度，及

(b) 該救濟方式而取得賠償之相對完整。

§ 946. Relative Adequacy Of Remedies For The Recovery Of The Possession Of A Chattel

The relative adequacy of a remedy, other than injunction, for the recovery of the possession of a chattel depends upon:

(a) the probability that actual possession of the chattel can be obtained by means of the remedy, and

(b) the relative adequacy of the remedy for damages as a substitute for recovery of possession if the recovery is not available.

第946條 對動產占有之賠償救濟之相對

完整就土地占有之禁制令以外之一救濟是否相對完整，應依下列因素：

(a) 依該救濟方式，該動產之實際占有之可能性，及

(b) 如取回該動產之不可能，賠償救濟為替代方式之相對完整。

§ 947. Relative Adequacy Of Declaratory Judgment

The relative adequacy of a declaratory judgment, as compared with the remedy of injunction, depends upon the extent to which a declaration without coercive or compensatory effect would provide protection for the declared rights.

第947條 確認判決之相對完整

確認判決與禁制令救濟相較，其相對完整應依確認判決而無強制或賠償效力而可提供對受確認判決之權利給予保護之程度。

§ 948. Relative Adequacy Of Remedies In Administrative Tribunals

The relative adequacy of a remedy available in an administrative tribunal, as compared with the remedy of injunction, depends upon the extent to which that remedy would protect the rights harmed or threatened by the tortious conduct.

第948條 行政機關救濟方式之相對完整

行政機關救濟方式與禁制令救濟相較，其相對完整應就該救濟方式對於侵權行為傷害或威脅之權利之保護之程度。

§ 949. Relative Adequacy Of Prosecution Or Prevention Of Crime

If the committed or threatened tort is also a crime, the relative adequacy of the remedies of public prosecution or police prevention of the crime, as compared with the remedy of injunction, depends upon the extent to which resort to them would probably result in attaining the objectives of the injunction action.

第949條 犯罪之提起訴訟或避免犯罪之

相對完整如所實行或威脅之侵權行為亦為犯罪行為，提起訴訟或警察之防止該犯罪之救濟方式，與禁制令救濟相較，其相對完整應就如起訴訟或警察之防止該犯罪，將致達成禁制令訴訟之目標之程度。

§ 950. Relative Adequacy Of Measures Of Self-Help

The relative adequacy of measures of self-help, as compared with the remedy of injunction, is appraised with reference to the risks of violence and of liability, the probable expense and the probability of success.

第950條 自力救助方式之相對完整

自力救助方式與禁制令救濟相較，其相對完整應就暴力之危險及責任，可能之費用及成功之可能性而評估。

§ 951. Damages And Other Remedies In Addition To Or In Lieu Of Injunction

In an action for injunction the court may, in addition to or in lieu of injunction, give one or more of the following remedies:

(a) a judgment for damages,

(b) a judgment for the recovery of possession of land or chattels, or

(c) a declaratory judgment

第951條 賠償或其他救濟方式之補充禁制令或替代禁制令就禁制令之訴訟，法院得於禁制令之外，或用以替代禁制令，而准予下列之一或數救濟：

(a)賠償之判決。

(b)土地或動產返還之判決。

(c)確認判決(宣示判決)。

(完)